BACKGROUND:The causes for abnormal liver function after liver transplantation is complex, and it is important for the treatment to clarify the causes of abnormal liver function. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the cause of abnormal liver function after liver transplantation, and to use it in clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHODS:The CNKI database and FMJS database were retrieved by computer for articles published from January 1991 to July 2012. Articles were searched with the key words of“liver transplantation, abnormal liver function, transaminase abnormalities, bilirubin increased, causes”in Chinese and English. A total of 98 articles were retrieved. Thirty-five articles directly related to abnormal liver function after liver transplantation and those published in authoritative magazines were included to review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Many reasons can lead to abnormal liver function after liver transplantation, with complex clinical manifestations. The most common causes were acute rejection, biliary complications and virus infection. When the abnormal liver function occurred in the early postoperative period, especial y in one month after liver transplantation, the smal size syndrome and primary graft non-function should be vigilant. The transaminase and bilirubin levels were different for different causes. Transaminase increased more significantly than bilirubin in acute rejection, autoimmune hepatitis, viral infection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, portal vein and hepatic vein stenosis. However, obstruction enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin was increased more significantly in chronic rejection, biliary complications, hepatic artery, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis;transaminase increasing mainly and bilirubin increasing mainly can both appear in the patients with tumor, and which one wil happen depending on the size and oppression of the tumor. In addition, col ecting the medical history careful y can help to diagnose early as each patient have his special medical history. In a word, It’s important to col ect medical history careful y in clinical work, and the common cause of abnormal liver function should be consider firstly according to the increasing of transaminase and bilirubin, and other relatively uncommon causes should be considered after remove the common causes through clinical proven. It can help to diagnose and treat as soon as possible to make ful use of examinations, such as laboratory tests, imaging studies and liver puncture biopsy.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of tertiary liver transplantation.Methods The clinical data of 4 patients with hepatobiliary disease who were admitted to the General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces from April 2002 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients received orthotopic liver transplantation,and received tacrolimus + mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + hormone after operation.All the patients were followed up till May 2014,and their prognosis was learned.The measurement data were analyzed using the t test.Results Three patients with benign hepatic disease received tertiary liver transplantation due to biliary complications and chronic rejection,and 1 patient with hepatic cancer received tertiary liver transplantation because of hepatic cancer recurrence.The average interval between the primary and secondary liver transplantation was 16.0 months,which was shorter than 22.5 months of the interval between the secondary and tertiary liver transplantation.The mean operation time in the secondary liver transplantation was (11.4 ± 1.0)hours,which was significantly shorter than (14.1 ± 2.2) hours in the tertiary liver transplantation (t =3.644,P ＜ 0.05).The median volumes of blood loss in the secondary and tertiary liver transplantation were 1 300 mL and 1 800 mL,and the median volumes of blood transfusion were 1 400 mL and 3 100 mL.The hepatic function of the 4 patients recovered smoothly at the early time after liver transplantation.Two patients (3 cases) were complicated with infection postoperatively (1 patient was infected by pseudomonas aeruginosa within 30 days after liver transplantation,and was cured by active antimicrobial treatment),and they were cured after anti-infectional treatment.One patient died of hepatic failure at the 80th month after the primary liver transplantation,1 died of hepatic cancer recurrence complicated by pulmonary,bone and retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis at the 107th month after the primary liver transplantation,and the other 2 patients survived for 104 months and 26 months after the primary liver transplantation,respectively.Conclusion Tertiary liver transplantation is effective for the treatment of biliary complications and chronic rejection after liver transplantation,and it can extend the life span of patients with hepatic cancer recurrence if there are insufficient donor resources.

Objective To establish a large animal ( sheep) model to serve the experiments of domestic pulsatile ventricular assist device.Methods Three small-tail Han-sheep were anesthetized and the vein access and artery access were achieved.The cardiopulmonary bypass was established through left thoracotomy.Ventricular fibrillation was induced. An hole was made in the apex of left ventricle and the apex cannulation was sutured to it.The aortic cannulation was su-tured to the descending aorta.The two cannulations were connected to the domestic pulsatile ventricular assist device ( DP-VAD) and the driver was turned on.The working of DPVAD and the conditions of the animals were observed.Results The DPVAD worked well and uni-directional blood flow was driven by positive and negative pressure.The left ventricle was unloaded and the blood pressure was raised up.Conclusion The establishment of sheep model of pulsatile ventrieular as-sist device may play important role for the research and development of DPVAD in our country.

Objective To establish an animal model for implantable ventricular assist device. Methods Seven male calves, body weight 120 to 180 kg, were anesthetized and underwent surgical implantation through a left thoracotomy at the 4th intercostal space. The domestic-made implantable ventricular assist device (DIVAD) was implanted after cardiopulmonary bypass and induction of ventricular fibrillation. The major indexes of mechanical properties of the DIVAD are similar to those of imported devices. The DIVAD was 29.5 mm × 72 mm, with a total weight of 158 g. The maximal pump speed was 9000 rpm and the maximal pump flow was 8 L/min in in vitro experiment. A flow meter was incorporated into the pump. The DIVAD was constructed with an external controller, and the pump can be monitored and adjusted through it. The inflow cannula was positioned into the left ventricle and the outflow cannula was sutured to the descending aorta. The pump was run at 3,500 to 8,000 rpm. The cardiopulmonary bypass was weaned. The pump output and animal condition was continuously monitored. Heparin was administered to maintain the activated clotting time at 1.5 to 2 times its baseline value. Results All the seven calves weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean survival time is 20.28 hours with a range from 0.5 to more than 93 hours. Conclusion Calf is the right animal model for NIVAD implantation and there are some characteristics in its perioperative treatment. The establishment of this animal model may play important role for further improvement of NIVAD.

Portal vein stricture complicated with superior mesenteric venous thrombosis is rarely seen in clinical practice. On December 26, 2009, a 51-year-old male patient who had a liver transplantation history was admitted to The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces with the chief complaint of intermittent abdominal pain and diarrhea.A plain and enhanced CT scan showed that the portal vein was constrictive and thrombosis had formed in the main trunk of the superior mesenteric vein, and varicose veins were seen in surrounding tissues of the esophagus. Edema was observed at the end of the ileum and cecum. The results of colonoscopy showed inflammatory changes and varicose veins of the colon. The patient received medical treatment. The thrombosis was dissolved 9 days later, and all symptoms disappeared 12 days later.

Objective To study the effects of improving elderly patients with bowel dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods Choose 54 elderly patients with CPB were randomly divided into tree groups:the control group and the Gln group and the Combination group,every group has 18 patients.Glutamine(Gln) at 0.4 g/kg was administrated to the patients in the Gln group and the combination group during the beginning at CPB and two days after the operation.Based on the Gln group,the patients of The Combination group were given the different oral Chinese medicine before and after operation,according to syndrome differentiation classification.Plasma endotoxin,IL-6 and DAO were measured before operation and at the endof operation and 24 h,48 h after operation.At the same time,we used German Siemens Company's X3000 Color Doppler machine to test every group of patients superior mesenteric artery.We tested before surgery,and one to two days after operation,from the starting point within 2cmof the superior mesenteric artery and the angle between the ultrasound beam flow was less than 60 °,the probe frequency was 3.5 MHz.The detection of hemodynamic indexes were EDV and PI.Results After the test,the plasma endotoxin and IL-6 levels and DAO levels of the Gln group were reduced than the Control group after cardiopulmonary bypass.The plasma endotoxin and IL-6 levels and DAO levels of the Combined gnup were decreased than the Gln group after cardiopulmonary bypass and one day after operation.Analyze superior mesenteric artery diastolic velocity (EDV)and pulsatility index (PI) by the Color Doppler.After operation,the EDV in the Gln group and the Combined grup were significantly higher than the control group,the Pl were lower than the control group.The parameters levels have significant difference after cardiopulmonary bypass and one day after operation(P ＜ 0.05 ).The Combined group was improved than the Gln group after cardiopulmonary bypass and one day after operation.According to the traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis,there were eighteen patients in the Combined group,including fifteen patients in type of deficiency of both qi and yin and three patients in type of fu-viscera syndnome.All of the patients have defecated within tree days after operation.In the type of deficiency of both qi and yin nine patients were cured and six were shown to be effective after operation.All the patients in type of fuviscera syndrome were cured.Conclusion N(2)-L-Alanyle-L-Glutmaine have protective effect on the intestinal mucosal barrier after CPB.Combined traditional Chinese Medicine preparation was more conducive to the intestinal function recovery of elderly patients after cartiopulmonary bypass.

Objective To analyze the changes and clinical significance of live function in advanced non-small cell lung cancer after chemotherapy.Methods The data of 164 patients histopathologically confirmed as advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer with complete medical history data from January 2007 to September 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients received chemotherapy by docetaxel or gemcitabine plus nedaplatin,regular liver function hematological monitoring and liver color ultrasound examination,which revealed the changes of liver function and liver morphology.Results Docetaxel or gemcitabine plus nedaplatin could induce liver function indexes abnormality in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer.The main symptoms were the rise of ALT,AST with different extent (ALT:29 U/L vs 30 U/L,AST:54 U/L vs 39 U/L,P ＜ 0.05),which were not related with the sex,age,tumor pathologic types and the clinical stages (P ＞ 0.05).Patients received chemotherapy by gemcitabine were inclined to experience liver function indexes abnormality (P ＜ 0.05).Patients with hepatic metastases and hepatitis B surface antigen positive before chemotherapy were inclined to experience liver function indexes abnormality (P ＜ 0.05).The ALP,γ-GT,TBL,ALB levels after treatment were almost the same as those before treatment (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Taking docetaxel or gemcitabine plus nedaplatin could induce liver function indexes abnormality in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer.Patients treated by chemotherapy complicated with hepatic metastases,hepatitis B surface antigen positive and treatment by gemcitabine were inclined to experience liver function indexes abnormality,which is value to research.

Objective To analyze the HBV recurrence and summarize the experiences in treatment of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation for HBV related liver diseases.Method A total of 650 patients subject to liver transplantation for HBV related liver diseases from September 2002 to February 2007 were included,and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Result Twenty-five (3.85％) of 650 patients experienced HBV recurrence.All liver functions recovered to normal after nucleoside or nucleotide analogs treatment.Two cases lost to follow-up,2 cases were died of tumor recurrence,and 1 case died of tumor recurrence after re-transplantation.Eleven cases were positive for serum HBsAg,and HBV DNA was converted to undetectable levels in 10 cases.One case developed to decompensated liver cirrhosis,and HBsAg was negative after re-transplantation.In 7 cases,after nucleos(t)ide analogs treatment,HBsAg titer was decreased gradually to a lower level,and continuous intravenous drip of large doses of HBIG for 3 to 5 days achieved anti-HBs seroconversion.Conclusion Nucleos(t) ide analogs can effectively suppress viral replication of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation.When the HBsAg titer is decreased to a lower level,large doses of HBIG can achieve anti-HBs seroconversion.

Objective To study the efficacy of peg-interferon plus ribavirin treatment for hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation.Methods The clinical data of 16 patients with hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation were collected from June 2002 to March 2012 in our hospital.Results There were 1620 patients receiving liver transplantation.66 of these patients received the treatment because of hepatitis C related diseases.16 of the 66 patients received peg-interferon plus ribavirin treatment after liver transplantation.The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA concentrations of all the 16 patients were detected.Twelve of the 16 patients were negative for HCV RNA,and the HCV RNA concentration was reduced by more than 2 log after treatment for 12 weeks in 2 cases.The early viral response (EVR) was 87.5％.The HCV RNA of all the 16 patients became negative after treatment for 24 weeks.Conclusion The EVR was high (87.5％) among patients who received peg-interferon plus ribavirin treatment after liver transplantation,and the combination therapy with interferon plus ribavirin was safe and effective for hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation.

Objective:The hemolytic prediction model of the axial flow impeller blood pump is carried out by using a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) multiphase flow model.Methods:The hydrodynamic performance of the pump and the flow field in the pump, and the shear stress distribution are analyzed. A hemolytic prediction model based on the shear stress is built based on the calculation results. Hemolysis tests in vitro were performed 6 times with fresh bovine blood. At each time, the flow of the ventricular assist device(VAD) is 5 L/min and the outflow tract pressure is 100 mmHg(13.3kPa). According to the tests, the plasma free hemoglobin(FHB) content and the hematocrit(HCT) are measured every half hour. At the end of each experiment Normal Index of Hemolysis(NIH) is calculated.Results:The average of NIH is 0.0055 g/100L, almost identical with that obtained from the hemolytic prediction model.Conclusion:Multiphase flow model can be used for quantitative predictions of the hemolytic behavior of a VAD. This method can be applied in the selection stage of a blood pump.