Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common clinical infectious pathogens, and abused antibiotics enhances its resistance. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the major mutant strains. The generation of biofilm reduces the effects of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus, which makes the antibiotic therapy limited. New medicine need to be developed, and TCM as the natural medicine is becoming a hot spot. This article reviewed the research of TCM against MRSA biofilmsin recent years, and provided references for research and development of new medicine.

We investigated the genetic diversity and evolution of the M gene of human influenza A viruses in Hangzhou (Zhejiang province, China) from 2009 to 2013, including subtypes of A(H1N1) pdm09 strains and seasonal A(H3N2) strains. Subtypes of analyzed viruses were identified by cell culture and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the M gene. Assessment of 5675 throat swabs revealed a positive rate for the influenza virus of 20.46%, and 827 cases were diagnosed as. infections due to influenza A viruses. Seventy-six influenza-A strains were selected randomly from nine stages during six phases of a virus epidemic. Sequences of the M gene showed high homology among six epidemics with identities of amino-acid sequences of 98.98-100%. All strains contained the adamantine-resistant mutation S31N in its M2 protein. Two of the A(H1N1)pdm09 strains had double mutants of V27A/S31N or V271/S31N. One of the seasonal A(H3N2) viruses had another form of double-mutant R45H/S31N. Evolutionary rate of the M gene was much lower than that of the HA gene and NA gene. Compared with A(H3N2) strains, higher positive pressure on the M1 and M2 proteins of A(H1N1) pdm09 viruses was observed. Separate analyses of M1 and M2 proteins revealed very different selection pressures. Knowledge of the genetic diversity and evolution of the M gene of human influenza-A viruses will be valuable for the control and prevention of diseases.
Amino Acid Substitution ; China ; epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; genetics ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

Objective:To explore the application effect of the flipped micro-lecture teaching mode in the teaching of medical biochemistry.Methods:A total of 115 clinical medicine students in Batch 2016 from Zhejiang Chinese Medical University were selected as the experimental group, and 120 stomatology students were selected as the control group. Teachers applied the "before-class, in-class, after-class" serial design to conduct flipped micro-lecture in the experimental group, and the traditional teaching was used in the control group. We evaluated the teaching effect through self-directed learning tests and questionnaire survey after the teaching experiment.Results:Flipped micro-lecture teaching improved students' learning effect, enhanced their learning enthusiasm, gradually led them into autonomous learning of medical biochemistry, and improved their team collaboration ability.Conclusion:The combination of Flipped Classroom and micro-lecture is of great significance to promote the transformation of curriculum education modes and cultivate innovative medical talents.