Objective To study the effects of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signal pathway and downstream cytokineson androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer (PC) cells.Methods The human androgen-dependent PC (ADPC) cell line LNCaP and androgen-independent PC (AIPC) cell line DU145 were cultured in vitro.Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the expressions of the androgen receptor (AR),GR,HSPg0 and interleukin-6 (IL-6).The GR antagonist RU486 was used to treat cultured cells,and the effects of RU486 on the proliferation of both cell lines were analyzed by MTT assay.Expressions of HSP90 and IL-6 mRNA and protein were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively.Results LNCaP cells were AR-positive and GR-negative,whereas DU145 cells were GR-positive and AR-negative.The expressions of HSP90 and IL-6 were significantly stronger in DU145 cells than in LNCaP cells (P＜0.01).RU486 had no obviously effects on the growth of LNCaP cells,but exerted a significant time-and dose-dependent growth inhibition on DU145 cells.RU486 treatment in DU145 cells also resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the expressions of HSP90 and IL-6 mRNA and protein.Conclusions GR signal pathway may be the main survival pathway for DU145 cells.Abnormal hyperactivation of GR signal pathway and its promoting the expressions of HSP90 and IL-6 may contribute to the progression of ADPC to AIPC after androgen ablation.

One hundred sixty-three cases with a mean age of 58 years (range 21 to 87) underwent nephron sparing surgery due to suspected renal tumors.Mean tumor size was 2.8 cm (range 1.0 to 4.0 cm).Frozen section analysis was routinely performed during surgery,positive tumor margins in frozen section analysis were found in 5 cases (3.1%),and immediate radical nephrectomy was followed.Among 158 cases,in which frozen section analysis showed negative margins,paraffin sections disclosed positive tumor margins in 6 cases (3.8%).Our results suggest that frozen section analysis during nephron sparing surgery has limited clinical significance and hence routine incorporation in urological practice should be reconsidered.

Objective To investigate the value of vascular index(VI) in renal functionevaluation after renal transplantation by superb microvascular imaging(SMI).Methods Ultrasound and clinical data of 115 renal transplant recipients were collected:32 cases had good recovery of renal function after surgery(group A);35 cases of abnormal renal function caused by diseases or unexplained fluctuations in Scr,but the renal function was normal during the follow-up(group B);48 cases with abnormal renal function,Scr increased continuously(group C).The correlation between VI of renal cortex and Scr was analysed. Results The VI of renal cortex in group A,B and C were (33.51 ± 3.26)%,(31.64 ± 4.83)%,(25.58 ± 6.07)%, respectively.There were significant differences between VI in group A and C,and between group B and C (P<0.01),but there was no significant difference between group A and B( P > 0.05). There was significant negative correlation between VI of renal cortex and Scr in group C ( rs= -0.90, P < 0.01), there was no significant correlation between RI in the interlobular artery of kidney and Scr( rs= -0.22, P > 0.05).Conclusions When renal function is normal,VI is maintained at a high level.When renal function declines,VI decreases.VI can reflect the renal cortex blood flow,indirectly reflect the glomerular filtration function,and provide a reliable indicator for clinical evaluation of renal allograft function.

MicroRNA is a class of short-chain non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression at post-transcriptional level.It can participate in the pathophysiology processes of tumor regulation,neurodegenerative disease,and cardiovascular disease.Recent studies have shown that microRNA can play a reguhtory role in ischemic brain damage through autophagy.This article reviews the effect of microRNA on autophagy after cerebral ischamia and its possible mechanisms.