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Postgraduate education is the highest leveled education in the national education hierarchy and bears the historic task of providing top-notch innovative personnel for the country and conducting independent innovation. At present,the medical degree is divided into two types: clinical scientific degree and clinical professional degree. Clinical scientific degree is different from clinical professional degree due to its importance and peculiarities. Therefore,education for postgraduates with clinical scientific degree faces many problems in enrollment,research and clinical capacity develop-ment and evaluation system. Through reforming enrollment plan,strengthening capacity building and establishing sound clinical education evaluation system can further improve training quality for post-graduates with clinical scientific degree.

Objective To observe the effect of long snake moxibustion on adjuvant arthritis rats, and explore its mechanism in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, drug group and moxibustion group, 12 rats in each group. The model of adjuvant arthritis rats was induced by intracutaneously injection of complete Freud's adjuvant in the right hind foot pat of rat. Three days later, the medcine group was given Wangbi Keli, and the moxibustion group was treated with long snake moxibustion. The changes of toe swelling was observed, and the content of IL-1, TNF-a and IL-10 in serum were detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results Long snake moxibustion can relieve toe swelling and decrease the level of IL-1 and TNF-p in serum (P

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH), also known as hemophagocytic syndrome(HPS), is a hyperinflammatory syndrome caused by multiple etiologies.Interferon-γ(IFN-γ)has been reported to play a key role in the pathogenesis of HLH, and antibody against IFN-γ(emapalumab)can be used to treat HLH.Here, the findings on the role of IFN-γ in pathogenesis and emapalumab in treatment of HLH are reviewed respectively.

Objective To observe the effect of small interfering RNA(siRNA) targeting Survivin gene on survivin expression,proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC-97H.Methods Survivin sequence specific siRNA was designed and synthesized.siRNA/liposome complex was transfected into hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC-97H.The MHCC-97H cells were divided into Survivin siRNA group(Si-survivin),negative control siRNA group(NC group)and blank group (normal control group).Survivin mRNA and protein expressions were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot,respectively.The proliferation of MHCC-97H was measured by methythiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay.The Annexin V/PI double labeled flow cytometry was employed to measure the apoptosis at 24 h after transfection in different concentrations of Survivin siRNA(12.5,25.0 and 50.0 nmoL/L,respectively).Results After 48 h of transfection,the Survivin mRNA levels were 0.55 ± 0.16 (Si-survivin group),0.85 ± 0.28 (NC group) and 0.93 ± 0.40 (normal control group),respectively,which were significantly different among 3 groups (F =414,P ＜ 0.01).The level of Survivin mRNA was the lowest in Si-survivin group,which was statistically different with NC group and normal control group (t =-20.56,-28.37,all P ＜ 0.001).The levels of Survivin protein expression in 3 groups were 0.602 ± 0.005 (Si-survivin group),0.835 ± 0.007 (NC group) and 0.993 ± 0.003 (normal control group) at 48 h after transfection,which were statistically different among 3 groups (F =238,P ＜0.01).The lowest level of protein expression was in Si-survivin group,which was statistically different with NC group and normal control group (t =-40.17,-66.03,all P ＜ 0.001).After 72 h and 96 h of transfection,the inhibitory rate of cell growth was significantly higher in Si-survivin group [(19.5 ± 3.6)％,(12.0 ± 0.9)％] compared with that in NC group [(3.6 ± 0.9) ％,(-1.3 ± 6.1) ％] (t--36.18,42.53,all P ＜ 0.05).The apoptosis rates in 12.5,25.0,50.0 nmol/L Survivin siRNA were (22.64 ± 2.54) ％,(35.37 ± 3.28) ％ and (53.28 ± 4.35) ％,respectively.However,in NC group and normal control group,the apoptosis rates were (8.77 ± 1.25) ％ and (9.72 ± 1.37) ％.The rates were statistically different among those 5 groups(F =35.93,P ＜0.01).And in the apoptosis rates of siRNA groups in different concentratiom were statistically different when compared between each two groups (t =-29.73,-38.57,all P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion Survivin specific siRNA can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis by blocking Survivin gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC-97H.

Objective To determine collateral circulation in patients with acute ischemic stroke using capillary index score (CIS)in order to evaluate the prognosis of endovascular treatment. Methods From January 2013 to December 2015,46 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with endovascular treatment at the Department of Neurology,Central Hospital of Baotou were enrolled retrospectively. Angiography was performed before endovascular treatment in order to complete CIS score. The patients were divided into a good prognosis group (n = 21)and a poor prognosis group (n = 25)according to the modified Rankin scale (mRS)scores. Univariate analysis was used to compare the baseline data and the clinical data of the two groups,including age,sex,history of diabetes,pretreatment systolic blood pressure,conducting intravenous thrombolysis or not,time from ictus to intravenous thrombolysis,National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)score,Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS),vascular filling,time from onset to revascularization,and postoperative vascular recanalization (the modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction [mTICI]). Multivariate analysis was used to analyze the effect of CIS score on good prognosis. Results There were no significant differences in age,sex,history of diabetes,pretreatment systolic blood pressure,conducting intravenous thrombolysis or not,time from ictus to thrombolysis,and number of mechanical thrombectomy between the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group (all P > 0. 05). There were significant differences in the NIHSS score (15 ± 3 vs. 19 ± 4),ASPECTS score (8 [7,10]vs. 6 [5,8]),filling well 85. 7% (18 / 21)vs. 44. 0% [11 / 25]),time from ictus to recanalization (363 ± 42 min vs. 398 ± 53 min),and postoperative vascular recanalization (mTICI≥Ⅱb)(100. 0% [21 / 21]vs. 68. 0%[17 / 25];all P < 0. 05). CIS (OR,8. 600,95% CI 2. 670 -33. 800)and mTICI grade (OR,5. 720, 95%CI 12. 170-22. 300)were significantly associated with the prognosis. Conclusion The CIS score can be used to evaluate brain perfusion. fCIS is closely associated with the good clinical prognosis. When screening the suitable patients for endovascular therapy,increasing the CIS score to evaluate the salvageable brain tissue is effective and feasible.

Objective To understand oral submucous fibrous (OSF) because the hair cause of disease and the quantitative corresponding measures,do a good job in OSF prevention and control work.Methods The quantitative cluster sampling,according to the diagnostic criteria of the development of the Pindborg,yuhu in Xiangtan city of different types of 57 units of 11 046 people to chew areca cause OSF epidemiological investigation.Results OSF 335 diagnosis example,the prevalence rate of 30.33‰,4 cases were oral cancer,oral cancer coexist rate was 11.94‰; All OSF patients had a history of betel nut,no chewing betel nut (containing the cigarette,wine,and spicy aficionados) were not found in patients with OSF; Of OSF prevalence in the chewing hobby was no differences in sex and age in the crowd; OSF prevalence of high and low with length of fixed number of year of average chewing betel nut dose and chewing betel nuts were closely related(r =0.28828,P ＜ 0.01) ; OSF prevalence was different from eating betel nut additive that had a very significant difference.Different hobbies compatibility with standardized test,7 incidence group had 6 group without significant difference,but people only eat chili can (in the control group,1 329) and outsiders no OSF patients (control group,698).Conclusions Survey results confirm that chewing betel nut is the main factor of Xiangtan people of OSF,and OSF carcinoma prevalence is lower than abroad.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of three yin points acupuncture plus medicinal spreading moxibustion in treating erectile dysfunction.Methods Sixty patients with erectile dysfunction meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to two groups, 30 cases each. The control group took sildenafil at 1 hr before sexual intercourse. The treatment group received three yin points acupuncture plus medicinal spreading moxibustion, 8 days as one course of treatment, for three consecutive courses with 2 days of rest between the courses. The erectile function was scored in the two groups before and after treatment. The clinical therapeutic effects were compared.Results The total efficacy rate was 93.3% in the treatment group and 80.0% in the control group; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The marked efficacy rate was 83.3% in the treatmentn group and 60.0% in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). in the treatment group, there was a statistically significant pre-/post-treatment difference in the erectile function score after 20 days of treatment (P<0.05) and statistically a very significant pre-/post-treatment difference in the erectile function score after 30 days of treatment (P<0.01). In the control group, the overall therapeutic effect was stable after treatment and there was a statistically significant pre-/post-treatment difference in the erectile function score (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant post-treatment difference in the erectile function score between the treatment and control groups (P>0.05).Conclusions Both acupuncture-moxibustion and sildenafil have a therapeutic effect on erectiledysfunction. Sildenafil produces a rapid and stable effect. Acupuncture and moxibustion produce a slower effect but have an advantage in the marked efficacy rate. Acupuncture and moxibustion are safe, of fewer contraindications and suitable for most of the population.

AIM: To study the subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which induce contralateral rotations of rats after mGluRs activation. METHODS: Turning movement was measured at 6 h after agonist or antagonist of mGluRs was microinjected into rat striatum. RESULTS: tACPD, an agonist of mGluRs, at 500 nmol and 1 000 nmol induced contralateral rotations of rats. L-AP 3, MCPG and dantrolene attenuated the turning effect of tACPD. DHPG, a selective agonist of group I mGluRs, mimicked the effect of tACPD. The effect of DHPG was blocked by MCPG, LY367385 (antagonist of mGluR 1) and MPEP (antagonist of mGluR 5), and abolished by pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg). CONCLUSION: These results indicated the activation of group I mGluRs in rat striatum induced turning effect, which may be associated with the mobilization of intracellular Ca 2+ stores and dependant on the existence of dopamine.

Objective To research and develop the model of external reciprocating sports intermittent hypoxia box for rats. Methods Two animal cabins (28 cm?20 cm?15 cm) and one hypoxia chamber (80 cm?80 cm?60 cm) which covered each cabin in turn were developed. 4 male SD rats were placed in each animal cabin. The hypoxia chamber in which low O2 concentration was maintained with filling high-pure Nitrogen continuously, moved to and fro between two animal cabins, and driven by a servomotors. Two animal cabins were covered in turn by the hypoxia chamber and get the same low O2 concentration as in the hypoxia chamber. The goal volume fraction of oxygen in hypoxia chamber was (10?0.5)% and the time of unilateral movement from one animal cabin to another was 4 s, the cycle time of intermittent hypoxia was 180 s, the retention time was 86 s (including the hypoxia and normoxia time was 90 s respectively). The hypoxia chamber runs 8 h per day. The numerical value on artery blood gas of rats in which hypoxia chamber inside and outside was measured Results The reciprocating sports intermittent hypoxia chamber can be operated safely and reliably. The lowest PaO2 is (4.766? 0.536) kPa(or (35.75 ?4.02) mmHg) and the lowest SaO2 is 0.69 ?0.08 when the animal cabin in hypoxia chamber. Conclusion The chronic intermittent hypoxia model for rats is established by self-developed external reciprocating sports intermittent hypoxia chamber.