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Postgraduate education is the highest leveled education in the national education hierarchy and bears the historic task of providing top-notch innovative personnel for the country and conducting independent innovation. At present,the medical degree is divided into two types: clinical scientific degree and clinical professional degree. Clinical scientific degree is different from clinical professional degree due to its importance and peculiarities. Therefore,education for postgraduates with clinical scientific degree faces many problems in enrollment,research and clinical capacity develop-ment and evaluation system. Through reforming enrollment plan,strengthening capacity building and establishing sound clinical education evaluation system can further improve training quality for post-graduates with clinical scientific degree.

Objective To observe the effect of long snake moxibustion on adjuvant arthritis rats, and explore its mechanism in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, drug group and moxibustion group, 12 rats in each group. The model of adjuvant arthritis rats was induced by intracutaneously injection of complete Freud's adjuvant in the right hind foot pat of rat. Three days later, the medcine group was given Wangbi Keli, and the moxibustion group was treated with long snake moxibustion. The changes of toe swelling was observed, and the content of IL-1, TNF-a and IL-10 in serum were detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results Long snake moxibustion can relieve toe swelling and decrease the level of IL-1 and TNF-p in serum (P

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH), also known as hemophagocytic syndrome(HPS), is a hyperinflammatory syndrome caused by multiple etiologies.Interferon-γ(IFN-γ)has been reported to play a key role in the pathogenesis of HLH, and antibody against IFN-γ(emapalumab)can be used to treat HLH.Here, the findings on the role of IFN-γ in pathogenesis and emapalumab in treatment of HLH are reviewed respectively.

Objective To research and develop the model of external reciprocating sports intermittent hypoxia box for rats. Methods Two animal cabins (28 cm?20 cm?15 cm) and one hypoxia chamber (80 cm?80 cm?60 cm) which covered each cabin in turn were developed. 4 male SD rats were placed in each animal cabin. The hypoxia chamber in which low O2 concentration was maintained with filling high-pure Nitrogen continuously, moved to and fro between two animal cabins, and driven by a servomotors. Two animal cabins were covered in turn by the hypoxia chamber and get the same low O2 concentration as in the hypoxia chamber. The goal volume fraction of oxygen in hypoxia chamber was (10?0.5)% and the time of unilateral movement from one animal cabin to another was 4 s, the cycle time of intermittent hypoxia was 180 s, the retention time was 86 s (including the hypoxia and normoxia time was 90 s respectively). The hypoxia chamber runs 8 h per day. The numerical value on artery blood gas of rats in which hypoxia chamber inside and outside was measured Results The reciprocating sports intermittent hypoxia chamber can be operated safely and reliably. The lowest PaO2 is (4.766? 0.536) kPa(or (35.75 ?4.02) mmHg) and the lowest SaO2 is 0.69 ?0.08 when the animal cabin in hypoxia chamber. Conclusion The chronic intermittent hypoxia model for rats is established by self-developed external reciprocating sports intermittent hypoxia chamber.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of three yin points acupuncture plus medicinal spreading moxibustion in treating erectile dysfunction.Methods Sixty patients with erectile dysfunction meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to two groups, 30 cases each. The control group took sildenafil at 1 hr before sexual intercourse. The treatment group received three yin points acupuncture plus medicinal spreading moxibustion, 8 days as one course of treatment, for three consecutive courses with 2 days of rest between the courses. The erectile function was scored in the two groups before and after treatment. The clinical therapeutic effects were compared.Results The total efficacy rate was 93.3% in the treatment group and 80.0% in the control group; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The marked efficacy rate was 83.3% in the treatmentn group and 60.0% in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). in the treatment group, there was a statistically significant pre-/post-treatment difference in the erectile function score after 20 days of treatment (P<0.05) and statistically a very significant pre-/post-treatment difference in the erectile function score after 30 days of treatment (P<0.01). In the control group, the overall therapeutic effect was stable after treatment and there was a statistically significant pre-/post-treatment difference in the erectile function score (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant post-treatment difference in the erectile function score between the treatment and control groups (P>0.05).Conclusions Both acupuncture-moxibustion and sildenafil have a therapeutic effect on erectiledysfunction. Sildenafil produces a rapid and stable effect. Acupuncture and moxibustion produce a slower effect but have an advantage in the marked efficacy rate. Acupuncture and moxibustion are safe, of fewer contraindications and suitable for most of the population.

AIM: To study the subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which induce contralateral rotations of rats after mGluRs activation. METHODS: Turning movement was measured at 6 h after agonist or antagonist of mGluRs was microinjected into rat striatum. RESULTS: tACPD, an agonist of mGluRs, at 500 nmol and 1 000 nmol induced contralateral rotations of rats. L-AP 3, MCPG and dantrolene attenuated the turning effect of tACPD. DHPG, a selective agonist of group I mGluRs, mimicked the effect of tACPD. The effect of DHPG was blocked by MCPG, LY367385 (antagonist of mGluR 1) and MPEP (antagonist of mGluR 5), and abolished by pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg). CONCLUSION: These results indicated the activation of group I mGluRs in rat striatum induced turning effect, which may be associated with the mobilization of intracellular Ca 2+ stores and dependant on the existence of dopamine.

Objective To study the relationship between sperm activity and the level of L-carnitine in seminal plasma of patients with idiopathic asthenospermia by HPLC.Methods Experimental group:idiopathic asthenospermia 50 cases,and the control group:male with pregnancy history 10 cases.The semen parameters (volume,sperm density,viability,motility),and L-carnitine level in seminal plasma were detected with high performance liquid chromatography method.Results There were significant difference between A and B group about sperm density and the percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa,and the level of L-carnitine(P＜0.01).Conclusions The decrease of L-carnitine level in patients with idiopathic asthenospermia,is closely related to the low sperm motility,which shows that L-carnitine can be used to treat idiopathic asthenospermia effectively.

Objective To observe the effect of small interfering RNA(siRNA) targeting Survivin gene on survivin expression,proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC-97H.Methods Survivin sequence specific siRNA was designed and synthesized.siRNA/liposome complex was transfected into hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC-97H.The MHCC-97H cells were divided into Survivin siRNA group(Si-survivin),negative control siRNA group(NC group)and blank group (normal control group).Survivin mRNA and protein expressions were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot,respectively.The proliferation of MHCC-97H was measured by methythiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay.The Annexin V/PI double labeled flow cytometry was employed to measure the apoptosis at 24 h after transfection in different concentrations of Survivin siRNA(12.5,25.0 and 50.0 nmoL/L,respectively).Results After 48 h of transfection,the Survivin mRNA levels were 0.55 ± 0.16 (Si-survivin group),0.85 ± 0.28 (NC group) and 0.93 ± 0.40 (normal control group),respectively,which were significantly different among 3 groups (F =414,P ＜ 0.01).The level of Survivin mRNA was the lowest in Si-survivin group,which was statistically different with NC group and normal control group (t =-20.56,-28.37,all P ＜ 0.001).The levels of Survivin protein expression in 3 groups were 0.602 ± 0.005 (Si-survivin group),0.835 ± 0.007 (NC group) and 0.993 ± 0.003 (normal control group) at 48 h after transfection,which were statistically different among 3 groups (F =238,P ＜0.01).The lowest level of protein expression was in Si-survivin group,which was statistically different with NC group and normal control group (t =-40.17,-66.03,all P ＜ 0.001).After 72 h and 96 h of transfection,the inhibitory rate of cell growth was significantly higher in Si-survivin group [(19.5 ± 3.6)％,(12.0 ± 0.9)％] compared with that in NC group [(3.6 ± 0.9) ％,(-1.3 ± 6.1) ％] (t--36.18,42.53,all P ＜ 0.05).The apoptosis rates in 12.5,25.0,50.0 nmol/L Survivin siRNA were (22.64 ± 2.54) ％,(35.37 ± 3.28) ％ and (53.28 ± 4.35) ％,respectively.However,in NC group and normal control group,the apoptosis rates were (8.77 ± 1.25) ％ and (9.72 ± 1.37) ％.The rates were statistically different among those 5 groups(F =35.93,P ＜0.01).And in the apoptosis rates of siRNA groups in different concentratiom were statistically different when compared between each two groups (t =-29.73,-38.57,all P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion Survivin specific siRNA can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis by blocking Survivin gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC-97H.

Objective To compare the value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and the standardized apparent dif‐fusion coefficient (ADC) value in diagnosing malignancy degree of prostate cancer .Methods Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) results of 34 patients with prostate cancer proved pathologically were retrospectively analyzed .The ADC values in 49 lesions and normal peripheral zones of the prostates of the patients were measured .Then ,ADC values of the lesions were calculated .According to the results of Gleason score ,the lesions were divided into 3 groups:Gleason score≤6 (low‐risk group) ,Gleason score=7 (inter‐mediate‐risk group) and Gleason score≥8 (high‐risk group) .Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the differences of the ADC values and sADC values in three groups ,and to evaluate the correlation between Gleason score and ADC value or sADC value . Results There were statistically differences overall in ADC values and sADC values of the three groups (P<0 .01) .There was no difference between the intermediate‐risk and high‐risk group in ADC values (P> 0 .05) ,however ,there were difference between sADC values of three groups each other (P< 0 .05) .ADC values (r= -0 .546 ,P=0 .000) and sADC values (r= -0 .575 ,P=0 .000) showed all negative correlation with Gleason score .There were no differences between sADC values and ADC values of three groups in areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) (P>0 .05) .However ,when change the specificity to 100% ,sADC had higher sensitivity than ADC values (47 .5% vs .5 .6% ,78 .2% vs .50 .9% ) in differentiating low‐risk from inter‐mediate‐risk group ,and low‐risk from high‐risk group .Conclusion ADC value and sADC value showed all negative correlation with Gleason score ,but sADC value may be of higher performance in diagnosing malignancy degree of prostate cancer .