Human enhancement technology is an emerging field that aims to enhance human physical and mental power of humans with the latest developments of the life science , information science , electronic science , cognitive neuroscience and other fields .This paper provides an overview of status quo of human enhancement technology and its military applica -tions, and analyzes the factors that may adversely affect its applications .

Objective To investigate the effect of fosinopril on the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-activated kinase 1 (TAK-1) in the kidney of rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO),and its protective effect on renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF).Methods UUO model was induced by ligating the left ureter in rats.A total of 72 male Sprague-Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham-operated group (n=24),UUO model group (n=24) and UUO+fosinopril group (n=24).The rats were treated with 10 mg/(kg?d) by gastric gavage in the fosinopril treated group from 2 d after the operation,and the rats were treated with the identical dose of normal saline in the other 2 groups.Eight rats of each group were sacrificed at 7,14 and 21 d after UUO.Pathological changes of the renal tissue were observed by HE and Masson staining,and the mRNA and protein expression of TAK1 was detected by in situ hybridization,real-time PCR and Western blot analysis.Results The renal interstitial damage index of UUO group was increased compared with that of the sham-operation group (P

Objective To evaluate left liver anatomical resection via left vertical groove by laparoscope.Method Among 103 patients with left intrahepatic biliary calculi,39 cases underwent left lateral hepatectomy,20 cases did left liver anatomical resection via left vertical groove by laparoscope,29 cases underwent left lateral hepatectomy via left liver diaphragmatic surface,15 cases did left liver anatomical resection via the first porta.Result In the 103 cases of laparoscopic left liver anatomical resection,101 cases were successful and two cases were conversed to open surgery.In the success group,total laparoscopic anatomical left lateral lobectomy was performed (Ⅱ,Ⅲ section) in 68 cases.Compared with the approach via left liver falciform ligament diaphragmatic surface,the operatve time via left vertical groove was significantly shorter(t =-2.723,P =0.008,intraoperative blood loss was significantly smaller (t =-5.399,P =0.000),while the differences in postoperative hospital stay (t =-0.168,P =0.867) and postoperative complications (x2 =0.664,P =0.415) were of no statistical significance between the 2 groups.In the 33 cases of left hemihepatectomy (Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ section),those performed via left vertical groove compared with through the first porta hepatic,used shorter operation time(t =-3.144,P =0.004),while blood loss was similar(t =-1.049,P =0.302),as well as the length of hospital stay(t =0.784,P =0.439).There was no postoperative bleeding and intractable bile leakage,nor postoperative air embolism.Flatus on an average of (2.5 ± 1.2) days.Patients were discharged from hospital 5-17 (9.98 ±2.98) days post-op.96 cases were followed up in the 101 cases undergoing successful total laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy.The followed-up time were 3-52 (32.6 ± 5.7) months.Postoperative review found no residue stone.One case in first porta hepatis group,caudate lobe atrophy was found by postoperative CT.Conclusions Left liver anatomical resection via left vertical groove by laparoscope is less traumatic,quick recovery with satisfactory clinical curative effect for the treatment of left hepatolithiasis.

Objective To analyze domestic and foreign papers on H5N1 virus research using literature metrology and visualized knowledge mapping.Methods Pajek, Bibexcel,and VoSviewer software were used based on Web of Knowledge platform.Results Study on H5N1 virus has been a research focus wide since 2005 and a series of institutions and investi-gators have appeared, with US being the leader in this area and followed by China.The most popular topics of studies on H5N1 included its virology, epidemiology, basic research, anti-virus drugs and vaccines.Conclusion Studies on H5N1 have received more attention, which suggests that more efforts have to be made in China in terms of communication and co-operation with key institutions and famous researchers so as to achieve more success in key areas.

The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) is a national repository of antibiotics, chemical antidotes, antitoxins, life-support medications , intravenous administration , airway maintenance supplies , and medical/surgical items.It is designed to supply and resupply state and local public health agencies in the event of a national emergency anywhere and at any time within the United States or its territories .This article introduces the development , emergency supplies reserve and maintenance of the SNS .

Objective To identify research fronts of synthetic biology by mapping knowledge domains .Methods The research articles were clustered by co-cited analysis and bibliographic coupling while research domains of synthetic biology were mapped using software VOSviewer .Results There were seven research clusters by co-cited analysis and 32 clusters by bibliographic coupling .The articles published in the last two years have changed the structure of research domains .Con-clusion Bibliographic coupling is better at recognizing research fronts .Synthetic bioengineering , RNA expression , biology bone, biology library,and biology parts are research fronts of synthetic biology .

Objective To discuss the pathogeny,treatment and prophylactic measures of postcholecystectomy syndrome (PCS).Methods The clinical data of 150 patients with laparoscopic PCS in our department from October 2000 to March 2009 were analyzed.Results Etiological factors were found in 131 patients:one hundred and twelve cases were due to the reasons of biliary system,including bile duct residual stones after cystic resection,the injury bile duct stenosis,a long residual cystic canal,nipple benign stricture,bile duct tumor etc;Nineteen examples were due to other reasons,including gallbladder stone merger reflux gastritis,gastroduodenal ulcer,diverticulum beside duodenal nipple,and so on,which resulted in the symptoms un-release after cystic resection.Nineteen cases were not found organic lesion.In ones whose etiological factors were definite,117 cases were treated with different surgeries according to different etiological factors;another 33 cases were treated with conservative treatment.Total 145 cases were followed up,and 139 cases in them were cured or relieved at different degrees.Conclusion Careful preoperative examination,normalized operation avoiding damaging bile duct and leaving behind bile duct stones can effectively prevent laparoscopic PCS.

Objective To understand the changing trends of immune-related diseases.Disease patterns from both pre-and post-immunization plan and after the immunization program were described,in order to provide evidence for the formulation and revision of immunization program and policy,in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Methods According to the time order descriptive method was used to analyze and compare the reported data on infectious diseases in Ningxia,between 1958 and 2014.Results From 1958 to 2014,both incidence and mortality of infectious diseases and four diseases related to the immunization programs,in Ningxia appeared significantly low.Since the implementation of the immunization plan,the incidence and mortality of the 4 diseases declined significantly,with the average annual total incidence as 176.12/100 000 before the immunization plan dropped to 2.56/100 000 when the expanded immunization plan was put into practice.The incidence also showed a downward trend.Among diseases that under the immunization program,the incidence of measles appeared the highest,followed by pertussis.However,none of the case on diphtheria or polio appeared which was caused by the wild strains,in 1983 and 1994.Conclusion After the implementation of the immunization plan,the immune-related diseases seemed to have been under well controlled.and with remarkable social benefit.Immunization programs appeared the most effective measures to control and eliminate the acute infectious diseases in the region.

Objective To study the feasibility and efficacy of intraoperative choledoscopy combined with laparoscopic left liver resection to treat intrahepatic lithiasis.Method In 49 patients with biliary stone,laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy/left medial sectionectomy/left hepatectomy combined with intraoperative choledochoscopy and stone retrieval were carried out.Results Laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy was carried out in 29 patients,left medial sectionectomy in 2 patients and left hepatectomy in 18 patients.In all the patients,combined choledoscopy and stone retrieval were carried out.A concomitant laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) was carried out in 11 patients.The average operative time was 226 min.When LC was carried out,the mean operative time was 243 min.The mean intraoperative blood loss was 378 ml.There was no bile leak or postoperative bleeding.Flatus was passed 1-3 days after surgery.The patients were discharged home 7-10 days after surgery.Postoperative MRI/MRCP did not reveal any residual stone.On a mean follow up of 16 months for 47 patients,the patients did well and there was no recurrent stone.Conclusion Choledochoscopy combined with laparoscopic left liver resection for bile duct stone resulted in minimal trauma to the patient.The recovery was quick and there was a high stone clearance rate.The treatment was safe,efficacious,and it is a viable minimally invasive treatment option.

Objective To explore the effect of total flavonoids of astragalus (TFA) on the apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by serum of uremia patient .Methods The serum of 22 healthy volunteers and 25 uremia patients receiving regularly hemodialysis were enrolled in the study .HUVECs were used as research objects ,which were divided into control group(adding serum of healthy people when cell synchronized) and uremia group (adding serum of uremia patient when cell synchronized ) .Low dose ,moderate dose and high dose group were prepared by adding 0 .5 ,1 .0 ,2 .0 mg/mL TFA respectively 6 h before cell synchronization .After 24 hours′culture since the serum were added ,the morphological change of endothelial cells were observed by microscopy ,proliferation activities were tested by using MTT ,SOD activities were tested by using xanthine oxidase method ,NO levels were measured by u-sing nitrate reductase colorimetric method ,DNA damage was detected by using comet assay ,the morphological change of apoptosis was observed by using TUNEL method .Results Compared with the control group ,the proliferation activity ,SOD activity ,NO lev-els were lower in uremia group(P< 0 .01) ,DNA tailing rate ,apoptosis index(AI) significantly increased (P<0 .01) .Compared with cells of uremia group ,cell proliferation activity of all the TFA intervention groups increased (P<0 .05) ,NO levels also in-creased (P<0 .01) .Compared with uremia group ,moderate and high dose group′s SOD activity increased (P<0 .05) ,DNA damage tailing rate decreased (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Total flavonoids of astragalus reduces apoptosis of HUVECs induced by serum of uremia patient ,the possible mechanism is associated with the decrease of oxidative stress .