Focal adhesion kinase(FAK)and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase(ERK),which are thought to play major roles in transducing surface receptor-derived signals into nucleus,are pivotal signal transduction molecules in mammalian cells.FAK is activated through phosphorylation by extracellular stimuli.p-FAK activates the downstream of ERK which changes cell action.FAK-ERK signal conduction factors are involved in a variety of biological responses,such as cell proliferation,differentiation,stress,apoptosis and malignant change.The biologic characters of FAK-ERK and advances in the study on its roles in tissue damage are reviewed in this article,which may provide a more effective way for estimation of wound age in forensic medicine.

AIM:To investigate the effect of vision therapy system 4D combined with stereoscopic 3D technology training for the treatment of amblyopia.METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 102 children with amblyopia who attended the clinic from January 2018 to January 2022 were selected, and they were randomly assigned into two groups by computer, with 51 cases in each group. Control group received stereoscopic 3D technology training, while observation group participated in vision therapy system 4D on the basis of control group. Then the overall effective rate, binocular visual function, spherical equivalent(SE), axial length(AL), mean corneal curvature(Km), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and visual evoked potential were compared between two groups.RESULTS: The overall efficacy rate was 94.1% in observation group, which was obviously higher than control group(74.5%; P<0.05). The improvement in binocular vision parameters simultaneous perception, total fusion, and stereoacuity were all more remarkable in observation group than in control group(P<0.05). The △SE, △AL and △Km yielded no statistical difference between two groups(P>0.05). The latency of two spatial frequencies(1°grid and 15'grid)showed a decline in both groups, and the decline was more notable in observation group than in control group(P<0.05). In both groups, BCVA improved, and the improvement was more significant in observation group compared with control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Application of vision therapy system 4D combined with stereoscopic 3D technology training for amblyopia can effectively ameliorate the visual acuity, promote the reconstruction of simultaneous perception, total fusion, and stereoacuity without additional risk of myopic shift, and improve visual pathway function in children.

Objective To study the percentages of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), mononuclear cells (MNC) and fibroblastic cells (FBC) in different post-traumatic intervals after skeletal muscle me-chanical injury in rats. Methods The rat model of skeletal muscle mechanical injury was established. The rats were divided into injured groups (6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d after injury ) and con-trol group. The percentages of PMN, MNC and FBC in different post-traumatic intervals after skeletal muscle mechanical injury were assessed with HE staining and image analysis. Results At post-injury 6-12 h, the percentages of PMN and MNC infiltration appeared in injured sites and that of PMN reached peak. At 1 d, the percentage of MNC infiltration appeared and reached peak, while that of PMN de-creased. At 3-7 d, the percentage of FBC gradually increased, while that of PMN and MNC decreased. At 10-14 d, the percentage of FBC reached peak. Conclusion The percentages of PMN, MNC and FBC in injured zones showed time-dependent changes, which might be used as reference index for determination of age of skeletal muscle injury.

Oncogene c-jun is a member of jun family,the immediately early genes(IEGs),and belongs to one of the nuclear transcription factors of basic leucine zipper(bZIP)family.Combined with many gene promotors,c-jun is involved in the regulation of gene transcription.Its products play important roles in regulating gene expression,cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis.The structure,biological funetion,regulation of c-jun and its roles contributing to tissue damage are reviewed in this article,which may provide understanding for severity of tissue injury and wound age estimation in the field of forensic pathology.

Objective To research the relation between the time-dependent appearances of myofibroblasts during the repair of contused skeletal muscle in rat and wound age determination. Methods A total of 35 SD male rats were divided into the control and six injured groups according to wound age as fol-lows: 12 h, 1 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d after injury. The appearances of myofibroblasts were detected by HE staining, immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Masson’s trichrome staining was utilized to examine collagen accumulation in the contused areas. Results Immunohistochemical stain-ing showed that α-SMA+ myofibroblasts were initially observed at 5 d post-injury. The average ratio of myofibroblasts was highest at 14 d post-injury, with all samples, ratios more than 50%. In the other five groups, the average of α-SMA positive ratios were less than 50%. The collagen stained areas in the contused zones, concomitant with myofibroblast appearance, were increasingly augmented along with ad-vances of posttraumatic interval. Conclusion The immunohistochemical detection of myofibroblasts can be applied to wound age determination. The myofibroblasts might be involved in collagen deposition during the repair of contused skeletal muscle in rat.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Buttocks ; injuries ; surgery ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Contracture ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND:Congenital clubfoot mainly manifests as abnormal bone itself and abnormal cartilage development.The bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein(Smad)signaling pathway can direct the development of bone and cartilage during embryonic period,but its role in the field of clubfoot etiology has not been confirmed in animal experiments. OBJECTIVE:To explore the mechanism by which the BMP/Smad signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of foot and ankle chondroplasia in a rat congenital clubfoot model. METHODS:Sprague-Dawley rats at 10 days of gestation with the same growth condition were randomly divided into experimental and control groups.The experimental group was intragastrically given 135 mg/kg retinoic acid to make the clubfoot model,while the control group was given the same amount of vegetable oil.The fetal rats were taken out after 21 days of gestation by cesarean section.In the experimental group,the 27 of 41 fetal rats had clubfoot,with a deformity rate of 65.9%;in the control group,no clubfoot was observed in all the 36 fetuses.The ankles tissues of the rats were collected for hematoxylin-eosin staining.Western blot assay,RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expression levels of Smad5 and P-Smad5,the core proteins of the BMP/Smad signaling pathway,as well as SP7 and Sox9,the downstream proteins of the BMP/Smad signaling pathway. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group,hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the cartilage matrix in the foot and ankle tissues increased and the gap between the bones increased in the experimental group.Immunohistochemical findings showed that the expression levels of Smad5 and SP7 decreased in the experimental group,while the mRNA expression of Sox9 increased.RT-qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of Smad5 and SP7 decreased,while the mRNA expression of Sox9 increased in the foot and ankle tissues of rats in the experimental group.Western blot results showed that P-Smad5/Smad5 expression and SP7 expression were decreased and Sox9 expression was increased in the ankle of rats in the experimental group.To conclude,the occurrence of cartilage abnormalities in the foot and ankle of the rat model of congenital clubfoot is associated with impaired transmission of the BMP/Smad signaling pathway.

The root rot disease is a common disease during the cultivation of Panax quinquefolius. In order to provide some clues for solving the root rot disease of P. quinquefolius, the relationship between rhizosphere soil fungal communities and root rot of P. quinquefolius was investigated in this study. The diversities and the changes of fungal communities structure in blank control group (group C), rhizosphere soil of healthy P. quinquefolius (group N) and occurrence of root rot in rhizosphere soil of P. quinquefolius (group R)were analyzed byusing the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 505 968 high-quality sequences were obtained through high-throughput sequencing and the rare faction curves analysis showed that the sequencing depth was sufficient and the sampling was reasonable. The fungal communities structure of rhizosphere soil samples mainly belonged to 9 phylums including Ascomycota(54.9%), Basidiomycota(5.6%), etc., and the dominant specie was Ascomycota of the total fungal identified, respectively. The 115 genera of fungi were tested, including Monographella (3.9%), Archaeorhizomyces (3.9%), Mortierella, etc., and the dominant specie was Monographella. At the genus level, the abundance of Monographella and Mortierella in group R increased significantly compared with the abundance in groups C and N. Alpha diversity index of species showed that the diversity index of fungal communities reduced and the numbers of fungi reduced in group N and R, compared with group C, and reaching the minimum in group R. Beta diversity index of species showed that there was a significant difference in the fungal communities structure in each sample. In addition, the heat map analysis revealed that the dominant fungal genera were significantly different among the each sample. The proportion of Monographella and Mortierella in group R was significantly higher than that in group C and N, while the proportion of Trichoderma,Penicillium and Cadophora in group R was extremely low. The proportion of Phoma and Gibberella in group R increased significantly compared with group C. This study clarified the decline of diversity index and the imbalance of community structure in fungi may lead to the occurrence of root rot in P. quinquefolius by analysis of fungal diversity and community composition in the rhizosphere soil of P. quinquefolius in this study, which provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of occurrence of root rot in P. quinquefolius.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Zhongfeng capsule on the autophagy-related proteins expression in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/ RI), and to explore its neural protection mechanisms of the decoction. Methods: Rat middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion injury model (ischemia for 2 h, reperfusion for 24 h) was prepared by the improved line plug method. Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, butylphthalide group(0.054 g/kg), Zhongfeng capsule high-dose groups (1.08 g/kg), Zhongfeng capsule middle-dose groups (0.54 g/kg), Zhongfeng capsule low-dose groups (0.27 g/kg), with 10 rats in each group. Rats were treated with Zhongfeng capsule by gavage once a day for 10 days. The rats were sacrificed and the brain tissue was obtained after the experiment in each group. Score neurological deficit was evaluated after 24 h of the last intervention in rat of each group. The pathological changes of brain tissue were observed by HE staining. The serum levels of estradiol (E2) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined by ELISA. The expressions of key genes and proteins of PI3K/Akt/Beclin1 signaling pathway in brain tissue were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot respectively. Results: Compared with the sham operation group, the body weight and protein expressions of p-PI3k and p-Akt in brain tissue of rats were decreased significantly in the model group, while the brain index, neurological deficit score, gene and protein expressions of Beclin1 and LC3 were increased markedly in the model group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). In the model group, nerve cells of brain tissue were loosely packed, interstitial edema, triangular in shape, nuclear pyknosis and dark-blue staining were observed. Compared with the model group, the body weight of rats was increased obviously, the neurological deficit score was decreased significantly and the pathological injury of brain tissue was alleviated evidently in high-dose of Zhongfeng capsule group (P＜0.05). The brain index, the gene and protein expressions of Beclin1 and LC3 were decreased apparently in Zhongfeng capsule treatment groups(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01), while the expressions of p-PI3k and p-Akt in brain tissue were increased evidently in Zhongfeng capsule treatment groups(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). Conclusion: Zhongfeng capsule can inhibit autophagy and improve brain neurons lesion of CIRI rats, the mechanism may be related to regulate the expression of Beclin1 and LC3 in PI3K/Akt/Beclin1 signaling pathway.
Animals ; Autophagy-Related Proteins/pharmacology* ; Beclin-1/metabolism* ; Body Weight ; Brain ; Brain Ischemia/metabolism* ; Male ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy*

Objective: To analyze the genotypes, amino acid vatiations and molecular epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in pediatric patients in Gansu province for the future research. Methods: A total of 4 556 respiratory tract specimens were colleted from pediatric patients under 10 years of age in five cities in Gansu from 2012 to 2017. These specimens were tested for RSV and its subtypes.The coding region of the RSV G gene was amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced for RSV positive specimens. Sequences were edited using DNA Star software. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic trees were built by MEGA 6.0 software. Results: Out of 4 556 specimens, 1 135 (24.91%) were positive for RSV, totally 216 G protein sequences were obtained. RSV A isolates were clustered into three genotypes: NA1、NA3 and ON1. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology was 84.9%-100% and 77.3%-100%, respectively. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology between this study and prototype long strain was 81.2%-83.3% and 74.1%-88.0%. RSV B isolates were clustered into only BA9 one genotypes. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology was 97.7%-100% and 95.8%-100%, respectively. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology between this study and prototype CH18537 strain was 84.9%-85.7% and 77.9%-80.1%. Conclusions The genetic characteristics and the amino-acid changes were analyzed systematically using data of RSV G gene collected from 2012 to 2017 in Gansu province in this study. These data were used for analyses of the etiology, control and prevention of RSV infection.