Pleurodesis was pioneered by Spengler in 1906. It was initially used for treating recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, and then extended to treatment of refractory pneumothorax, malignant pleural effusion and benign hydrothorax. The current trend is that the use of fibroptic bronchoscopy is getting more and more popular than that of thoracoscopy in the practice of internal medicine, and that the application of surgical symphysis and video-assisted thoracoscopy are getting more and more frequently and extensively in surgery. It is envisioned that this trend will continue in the 1st half of 21st century.

One hundred and five rats were equally divided into three groups and inflicted with radiation (550 rads of (?)Co ? ray), burn (15% full thickness burn) and radiation-burn combined injury respectively. Another ten were used as controls. After injuries, the outstanding changes in adrenal cortex included the following: (a) Transformation between clear cells and compact cells, on the basis of ultrastructural and cytochemical changes. (b)Acidophilic masses appeared in the cytoplasm of cortex cells, as a result of the formation of mitochondria-lipid droplets-lysosomes-hyperplastic SER complex, (c) The cortex cells or their cytoplasm entered the blood sinuses.This phenomenon is considered as an unusual pattern of discharge of endocrine secretion. Similar dynamic changes and distributing characteristics of cortical lesions were observed in all three groups of injured animals, and signifying hyperfunction of this gland. The degree of effect on the adrenal cortex in combined injury group was more marked than any of either single injurious factor. That is considered as an important feature of combined effect on the adrenal cortex.

The epithelial cells of human prostatic hyperplasia had been studied cytochemically for 5'-nucleotidase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activity with light and electron microscopy. The 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) activities were present in the epithelial cells at lysosomes, Golgi vacuoles, vesicles, secretory vacuoles and free surface of plasmic membrane, the secretion material within the acinar lumina of the prostate gland also showed 5'-nucleotidase reaction product. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase has not markedly changed by the actinomyces globispores treatment, but slightly decreased after estrogen treatment. It was no enzyme reaction after treated by testectomy.Activities of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) were restricted to the Golgi area, and there were heavy deposits of reaction products in concave face of Golgi saccule. The activities of TPPase were not markedly changed by estrogen and actinomyces globispores treatments but none of enzyme activities could be seen after testectomy.

Being linked to experimental research and manufacture practice, the preparation methods of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oils were reviewed in this article.

w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) , are essential components for the development of human brain. A fish oil product enriched with DHA (51. 65%) was used to conduct a preliminary memory study with rats employing the active avoidance test. Three doses of DHA, 1. 0 g/kg, 200 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, were administered orally to the rats twice daily for 20 days. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the effects on memory ability and DHA adiministration, and the effects were dose responsive. The results also showed that DHA, at 200 mg/kg, could antagonize dysmnesia caused by scopolamine and had hypermnesia effect.

Objective To study the mechanism of paraquart-induced renal injury in rats,the expression of heine oxygenase-2(HO-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).Methods 84 adult healthy Spragne-Dawley (SD) rats (female and male in half) were randomly divided into two groups,the control group (group A,n=42) and the paraquart group (group B,n=42).The rats in group B were treated with paraquart (25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally,the rats in group A were treated with the same dose of normal saline.Its histopathological change,the expression of HO-1,iNOS and evaluate the mRNA expression of HO-1 were observed.Results ①In group A,the tissue structure was clear without abnormal.In group B,there were obvious lesions in the renal tubule of cortical part,including cellular swelling,the canula narrow,the mesenchymal congestion and edema.These pathologic changes gradually reached the peak on the 1st day,and did not relieved till the end ofthis study.②In group A,there was no or weak expression of iNOS.At the 3rd hour,the expressions of iNOS in group B were observed in the kytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cell and glomemlar endothelial cell of cortical part.It reached the peak on the 1st day and continued at a high level after that.③ In group A,there was no or weak expression of HO-1 and HO-1 mRNA.At the 3rd hour,the expressions of HO-1 in group B were observed in the membrane and kytoplasm of renal tubular epithehal cell of cortical part,immunohistochemistry score(IHS) was higher,the expression of HO-1 mRNA increased,there was a statistical significance between group B and group A(P<0.05).It reached the peak on the 1st day,and then decreased,there were 110 statistical difference between group B and group A on the 5th day(P>0.05).Conclusions HO-1 and iNOS ale involved in the procedures of renal injury,but its mode of action and regulating path still need further study.

Objective: To study the 3D positional changes occurring to anchor molars of 37 patients treated with MBT appliance. Methods: Thirty seven patients who needed maximum upper molar anchorage were divided into two treatment groups at random, group Ⅰ was comprised of 19 patients whose anterior teeth were retracted en masse, and group Ⅱ included 18 patients whose anterior teeth were retracted by two step. All the patients were treated with MBT appliance and headgear. Dental casts recorded before and after treatment were analyzed by YM 2115 three dimensional digitizer and related software. The changes of anchor molar tip,torque and rotation were compared between the two groups. Results: During the treatment, average anterior movement of the upper first molars was 4.53 mm, average extrusion of the upper first molars was 1.53 mm; the crown of the upper first molar tipped forward (6?4)?,torque buccally (3?6)?,and mesiolingually rotated 3.15?; In en mass group, the crown of the upper first molar tipped more mesially than the two step group, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion:Almost all the upper first molars showed the tendency to rotate and tip mesially and torque bucally; there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups when upper molar positional changes were concerned except for the mesial tip of the crown.

Objective To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) in the different prognosis of patients with severe sepsis and its relation with endotoxin-tolerant.Methods Thirty-five patients with severe sepsis (severe sepsis group) and 15 healthy volunteers (control group),respectively stayed in ICU 24 h and physical examination in the day measured TLR4 expression of PBMC by flow cytometry and measured the serum of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay.Simultaneous separation of peripheral blood of PBMC,addition of 40 μ g/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) cultured for 24 h,and TLR4 expression of PBMC was measured in the same manner and the culture supernatant of TNF-α and IL-10.Results Thirty-five patients with severe sepsis survivor 25 cases (survivor group) and death 10 cases (death group),28 d death rate was 28.6％ (10/35).The TLR4 expression of PBMC in severe sepsis group was significantly lower than that in control group [(11.09 ± 8.90) MFI vs.(33.72 ± 12.59) MFI,P ＜ 0.01],the serum TNF-α and IL-10 in severe sepsis group were significantly higher than those in control group [(96.66 ± 45.33) ng/L vs.(2.53 ± 1.21) ng/L,(149.79 ± 67.15) ng/L vs.(34.56 ± 19.08) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01].There was no significant difference in TLR4 expression of PBMC between survivor group and death group (P ＞ 0.05).The TLR4 expression of PBMC in control group after LPS stimulation was significantly higher than that before LPS stimulation [(50.22 ± 19.23) MFI vs.(33.72 ± 12.59) MFI,P ＜ 0.05],survivor group and death group after LPS stimulation were significantly lower than those before LPS stimulation [(4.55 ± 2.30) MFI vs.(11.21 ±7.92) M FI and (5.46 ± 3.44) M FI vs.(10.15 ± 9.70) MFI,P ＜ 0.01].The culture supernatant of TNF-α,IL-10 in survivor group and death group were significantly lower than those in control group [(22.34 ± 8.27)and (19.49 ±5.35) ng/L vs.(88.70 ±34.21) ng/L,(54.29 ±32.89) and (98.04 ±40.26) ng/L vs.(146.56 ± 52.18) ng/L,P ＜ 0.01],but the culture supernatant of IL-10 in death group was significantly higher than that in survivor group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Different prognosis of patients with severe sepsis have endotoxin tolerance and different inflammatory cytokine secretion abifity.

BACKGROUND: The application of deacetylated chitin (chitosan, DC) prepared by traditional technique was limited because of its lower degree of deacetylation, impurity and relative lower molecular mass.OBJECTIVE: To improve the traditional technique for extraction and preparation of DC from the rustae f oratosquila oratoria.DESIGN: Contrasting observation.SETTING: Shandong Institute of Biopharmaceutics.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Shandong Key Laboratory for iopharmaceutics, Shandong Institute of Biopharmaceutics from February 2003 to January 2004. Experimental nstrument: Mettler AE240 electronic analytical balance and ZK-40AB electrothermal vacuum drying oven were rovided by Mettler-Toledo Instruments Co., Ltd. And ShangHai Shuli Instruments Co.,Ltd., respectively. Xperimental materials: oratosquila oratoria was purchased from Jinan aquatic products market.METHODS: ①C as traditionally prepared from chitin by decoloring with strong oxidant and deacetylating with concentrated alkaline liquor under high temperature. Chitin was extracted from crustae of shrimp and crab fter decalcification with diluted acid and deproteinization with diluted base. ②The improved preparation echnique: The crustae of oratosquila oratoria was decalcificated and decolorized with diluted acid, and as deproteinized and decolorized with diluted base at room temperature, and then the chitin was obtained fter the second decalcification and decolorization with diluted acid. The crude DC was obtained from hitin after deacetylation and decolorization with concentrated ase at 55-65 ℃. The crude DC was issolved n diluted acid and filtered. The filtrate was collected, precipitated with dilute base. After filtering, he sediments were retained, washed with water and dried. Then pure DC was obtained.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: he comparison between improved technique and traditional technique; Color, dissolvability in diluted cid, ield, degree of deacetylation and dynamic viscosity of DC prepared by different techniques.RESULTS: ①echnique comparison: Compared with traditional technique, the reaction of improved preparation technique as milder, and the deproteinization was at room temperature; it did not need an isolated decolorization;deacetylation was at low temperature, and had a refine process. ②Detection indexes of DC: he yield of DC prepared by improved technique was little lower than that by traditional technique (15%, 7% respectively). The degree of deacetylation and dynamic viscosity were both higher than those by raditional technique (＞ 95%,＜ 70%; ＞ 120mPa·s,＜ 80 mPa·s , respectively). The color was white or lmost white, which was better than that by traditional technique (yellow or gray). The DC could ompletely issolve in dilute acid, and the dissolvability was better than that by traditional technique (dissolved artly in dilute acid).CONCLUSION: Compared with the traditional technique, the improved technique was mpler and the reaction conditions were milder. And also the quality of obtained DC was obviously improved.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of residuals of petroleum ether,ethanol,xylene and ace-tic acid in ecabet sodium crude drug. METHODS:Capillary GC was performed on the column of PGE-20M capillary column at the flow rate of 1.7 ml/min,detector was hydrogen flame ionization detector,carrier gas was nitrogen with high purity,column temper-ature was 45 ℃,maintaining 4 min,it increased to 80 ℃ with rate of 10 ℃/min,then increased to 135 ℃ with rate of 30 ℃/min,maintaining 3 min,the injection mode was direct injection,inlet temperature was 250 ℃,and the volume injection was 1.0 μl. RESULTS:The mass concentration was 0.050-1.952 g/L for petroleum ether,0.050-1.941 g/L for ethanol,0.024-0.948 g/L for xy-lene and 0.050-1.947g/L for acetic acid(r=0.999 1-0.999 7);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were no more than 1.7%;recoveries were 99.3%-101.0%(RSD=0.7%,n=9),102.3%-103.7%(RSD=0.4%,n=9),101.2%-102.1%(RSD=0.3%,n=9) and 100.3%-102.2%(RSD=0.6%,n=9),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple and accurate,and can be used for the control of residual of organic solvents in ecabet sodium crude drug.