In addition to modulation by a variety of structurally diverse agents that act allosteri-cally via distinct binding sites on the receptor complexes , there is another outstanding characteristic of the GABAA receptors: they are modulated by multiple endogenous agents. Well known examples include Ca2+ , adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C(PKC), ty-ros ine kinase (TK) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II ). Intracellular modulation of GABAA receptor function may have profound effects on the control of neuronal excitation.

Molecular cloning of cDNAs coding for ligand-gated ion channel subunits makes it possible to study the pharmacology of recombinant receptors with defined subunit compositions. Many laboratories have used these techniques recently to study actions of agents that produce general anesthesia. Most of the volatile and intravenous anesthetics potentiate the function of GABAA receptor to different extent. Glycine, AMPA, kainate,NMDA, and 5-HT3 recepors are also the targets for many anesthetics. Subunit specific actions of some of the agents suggest that construction and testing of certain chimeric receptor subunits may be useful for defining the amino acid sequences responsible for anesthetic actions.

Objective The aim of this study was to describe the FICE application on gastric mucosa characteristics including normal and pathological changes, with or without H.pylori infection, and its corre-lation with histopathoingical evidence. Methods A total of 32 patients with dyspepsia symptoms and 5 healthy controls were enrolled into study. Each one underwent esophngogastreduedenoscopy (EGD) examina-tion with FICE and magnified observation. The whole stomach was examined by 3 steps: including conven-tional endoscopy followed by magnifying and FICE observation of the gastric antrum and body as well as biop-sies. All the patients were asked to take the rapid urease test (RUT) 、13C -urea breath test (13C-UBT) . Gastric antrum and body were both sub-classified into following 3 patterns by FICE observation and high reso-lution magnifying endoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity of each FICE pattern of both gastric antrum and body were analysed for the assessment of H. pylori infection, and the consistency with the results of RUT and 13C-UBT. Furthermore, the histopathologic parameters including inflammation、activity、atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were also assessed, Results FICE patterns of gastric antrum and body of all 5 control subjects were type Ⅰ, corresponded to an H. pylori negative and non-atrephy gastric mueosa. In study group on gastric antrum, 14 cases of FICE type Ⅰ pattern were noted and only 1/14(7. 1%) corresponded to an H. pylori positive gastric mucosa. 13 cases of FICE type Ⅱ pattern were noted and 10/13 (76. 9%) corresponded to an H.pylori positive mucosa and 9/13(69. 2%) were positive for both gastric atrophy. 5 cases of FICE type Ⅲ pattern were noted and 5/5 (100%) corresponded to an H. pylori positive mucosa and 3/5 (60%) were positive for both gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. There was statistical difference in prediction of H. pylori infection between type Ⅰ FICE pattern and type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ pattern on gastric antrum (P <0. 01). In study group on gastric body, 15 cases of FICE type Ⅰ pattern were noted and only 1/14(7. 1%) corre-sponded to an H. pylori positive gastric mucosa. 13 cases of FICE type Ⅱ pattern were noted and 11/13 (84. 6%) corresponded to an H. pylori positive mucosa. 4 cases of FICE type Ⅲ pattern were noted and 4/4 (100%) corresponded to an H.pylori positive mucosa. There was statistical difference in prediction of H. pylori infection between type Ⅰ FICE pattern and type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ pattern on gastric body (P < 0. 01). Conclusion FICE in combination with high resolution magnifying endoscopy is valuable for identifying the normal gastric mucosa, H.pylori infection and its associated gastritis, gastric atrophy as well as intestinal metaplasia.

Aim To investigate the behavioral changes of the pain related neuromodulation and neurotransmission in peripheral and central nervous systems in rats with trigeminal neuralgia (TN)and provide a disease relevant animal model for mecha-nism study of TN.Methods The male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group and TN surgical group.The latter group was further divided into model group and gabapentin group (100 mg · kg-1 ). TN was induced by intravenous erythrosine B injection and laser irradiation.The pain behavior of rats was evaluated using mechanical pain threshold measured with Von Frey hairs.Fluorescence quantitative PCR technique was deployed to study the change of Tac1 mRNA expressions in trigeminal ganglia.Utilizing microdialysis technique followed by high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD),the extracellular striatum fluid was collected and glutamate(Glu)concentration was determined.Results In the model group,the average mechanical pain threshold in facial ar-ea innervated by the trigeminal nerve remained below 4g after 7 days post surgery.The mechanical threshold of the model group (1.63 ±1.27)g was significantly lower (P<0.01)than the control group (24.17 ±4.49)g on day10 post surgery.In gen-eral,the mechanical withdraw threshold was decreased from the preoperative value of 26g to the postoperative value of (1.60 ± 1.74)g (P<0.01),and maintained stable at (0.71 ±1.24) g during the whole dynamic monitoring period from day7 to day60.The successful rate of this model was 63%.After sur-gery,Tac1 mRNA expression in trigeminal ganglia and extracel-lular Glu levels in striatum were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05 ) in the model group. Animals receiving Gabapentin showed significant improvement in pain symptoms,as well as re-ductions of Tac1 mRNA expression in trigeminal ganglia and ex-tracellular Glu concentration in striatum (P<0.05 ).Conclu-sions The above described photochemically induced TN rat model can partially mimic the clinical TN symptoms and its pathophysiology.Considering its overall high stability,it is very likely that this model could be used in preclinical mechanism study or drug screening of TN.

Objective To compare the effect of fluoroscopic triggering method and empirical delay method on image quality in the liver Gd-EOB-DTPA dynamic enhanced MRI,and to investigate the value of fluoroscopic triggering method in Gd-EOB-DTPA dynamic enhanced MRI.Methods The patients underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA dynamic enhanced MRI were randomly divided into two groups according to the starting modes in the artery phase.Group A used fluoroscopic triggering method and group B used empirical delay method.Eliminating the images with severe respiratory motion artifacts,the quality of the remaining images in 78 cases of group A and 85 cases of group B were assessed in scores (excellent=5 scores;good=4 scores).Data was statistically analyzed with Mann-whitney tests,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results The excellent rate of the images in group A was 96.15% (75/78).The excellent rate of the images in group B was 67.06% (57/85).There were significant differences between the two groups in the excellent rate (χ2=27.889, P<0.001)and the image quality scores (Z=-4.747,P<0.001).Conclusion For the liver Gd-EOB-DTPA dynamic enhanced MRI, fluoroscopic triggering method is more likely to get better image quality and higher success rate in artery phase than empirical delay method,which indicates that fluoroscopic triggering method have obviously advantages in clinical applications.

With the continuous development of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the requirement for the quality of Chinese medicines has become increasingly higher since they have been widely used in clinical practice. Chinese medicinal materials are the material basis for the inheritance and development of TCM， and their quality directly affects the clinical efficacy. Studying the quality of Chinese medicinal materials is the key to ensure the quality and realize the large-scale application. As one of rare Chinese medicinal materials， Cistanches Herba has the functions of tonifying kidney yang， invigorating blood and essence， moistening intestines to relieve constipation. High-quality Cistanches Herba is characterized by glossy appearance， high density， fleshy and soft texture， and sweet taste. With the reduction of wild resources， the products from cultivated Cistanche deserticola or C. tubulosa become dominant on the market of Cistanches Herba. The cultivation areas are widely distributed， mainly concentrated in Gansu， Inner Mongolia， and Xinjiang. However， the cultivated products have varied quality due to the differences in germplasm， producing region， cultivation method， harvesting， and processing. According to the theories of quality evaluation based on morphological characteristics and excellent appearance indicating high quality， this paper reviewed the literature on the quality evaluation， growth， development， and processing of Cistanches Herba in the last decade to explore the main factors （genetic characteristics， environmental conditions， and harvesting and processing factors） affecting the quality of Cistanches Herba. The review aims to explore the factors for the high quality and provide a reference for the producing region screening， directional cultivation， and production of Cistanches Herba.