Objective: In order to describe the pharmacokinetic profiles of two effective constituents ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B in healthy subjects, and to provide supports for setting out the clinical application of Ginkgolides Dropping Pills. Methods: Ten healthy subjects were enrolled in a randomized and open experimental design. Following a single oral administration of Ginkgolides Dropping Pills, blood samples which were anticoagulated by heparin sodium were collected at predetermined time, and then centrifuged to separate plasma samples. The total concentration of ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B in plasma samples and the lactone concentration of ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B were determined by a verified LC-MS/MS method, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by WinNonlin 6.3 with non-compartment model. Results: After a single oral administration of Ginkgolides Dropping Pills, the tmax of lactone, total concentration of ginkgolide A respectively were (3.05 ± 1.40), (3.40 ± 1.22) h, the Cmax were (84.3 ± 32.8), (92.2 ± 35.0) ng/mL, respectively, and its Cmax ratio was 91.4%. The AUC0-t were (636 ± 183), (753 ± 205) ng∙h/mL, respectively, and its AUC0-t ratio was 84.5%, half-life time (t1/2) were (13.0 ± 10.3), (12.9 ± 8.49) h, respectively. The Tmax of lactone, total concentration of ginkgolide B were (3.15 ± 1.42), (3.35 ± 1.25) h, The Cmax were (74.1 ± 31.5), (148 ± 60.1) ng/mL, respectively, and its Cmax ratio was 50.1%.The AUC0-t were (627 ± 202), (1410 ± 431) ng∙h/mL, respectively, and its AUC0-t ratio was 44.5%, t1/2 were (13.2 ± 5.83), (13.7 ± 5.83) h, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B were both at a moderate absorption and elimination rate, ginkgolide A mainly existed in human plasma upon lactone, while ginkgolide B presented as hydrolyzed forms with one or two lactone groups hydrolyzed and lactone, and the two forms of ginkgolide B were at equal exposure level after single oral administration of Ginkgolides Dropping Pills.

Objective To explore the main risk factors related to birth defects to provide the scientific basis for making the best prevention policy and implementing the effective interventions .Methods Totally 21 domestic research articles on the risk fac‐tors of birth defects were comprehensively analyzed by the meta analysis method ,including accumulated 6 112 patients and 15 741 control cases .The articles were screened preliminarily according to inclusion and exclusion standard ,and then the fixed and random effects model were selected according to the homogeneity test .The merged results were performed the chi‐square test .Results The main merged results OR values of single‐factor‐analysis were as follows:the family history of birth defects 36 .22 ,early pregnant in‐fectious disease 5 .62 ,early pregnancy exposure to chemicals 4 .19 ,paternal smoking 3 .89 ,contact sedatives during pregnancy 3 .19 , pregnancy complication 2 .94 ,high protein food during pregnancy 0 .37 ;the main merged results OR values of multiple‐factor‐analy‐sis were as follows :early pregnancy infectious disease 7 .65 ,poor prenatal mental state 5 .44 ,early pregnancy fever 4 .70 ,early preg‐nancy exposure to toxic chemical 3 .90 ,history of abortion 3 .59 ,supplement of multivitamin during pregnancy 0 .45 .Conclusion The main risk factors of birth defects in our country are family history of birth defects ,early pregnancy infectious disease ,early pregnancy exposure to chemicals ,paternal smoking and pregnancy complication;the protective factors are eating more high protein food during pregnancy ,supplement of multivitamin during pregnancy and taking folic acid during pregnancy .

With the continuous promotion of "Belt and Road Initiative" strategy, it has brought unprecedented opportunities for the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry in China. Although TCM culture has a long history and TCM industry is huge, the data analysis with the ASEAN countries from 2009 to 2018 shows that there is still much room for development in the aspects of technological progress efficiency, scale efficiency, and technological innovation efficiency of TCM industry in China. The internationalization of TCM industry in the process of "Belt and Road Initiative" strategy from three aspects: setting up "Belt and Road Initiative"TCM technology industry fund, building authentic medicine cluster brand, and promoting the breakthrough of TCM biotechnology by equipment innovation are put forwardin this paper.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an HPLC method for the rapid determination of naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, rosmarinic acid, baicalin and glycyrrhizic acid in Tongxuanlifei concentrated pills(traditional Chinese medicines). METHODS: The analysis was carried out on an Agilent Porlshell 120 SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 2.7 μm). The mobile phase was composed of 70% acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution (B) with gradient elution(0 - 20 min, 25% A→30% A; 20 - 25 min, 30% A→95% A; 30 - 31 min, 95% A→25% A; 31 - 40 min, 25% A) and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. The detection wavelengths were set at 283 nm for naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin (0 - 10.8 min), 330 nm for rosmarinic acid (10.9 - 12 min), 276 nm for baicalin (12.1 - 20 min) and 250 nm for glycyrrhizic acid (20.1 - 45 min). The column temperature was 30°C. RESULTS: The linear ranges of naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, rosmarinic acid, baicalin and glycyrrhizic acid were 0.00569 - 0.8532 μg, 0.00325 - 0.4879 μg, 0.00365 - 0.5472 μg, 0.00051 - 0.0762 μg, 0.00796 - 1.1939 μg, and 0.00558-0.8377 μg (r≥ 0.9990), respectively. The average recoveries were 98.02%, 96.53%, 96.44%, 96.74%, 97.56% and 98.57% (RSD < 2.0%, n = 6), respectively. CONCLUSION: This method is simple and can be used to determine the above-mentioned six components with satisfactory accuracy and repeatability.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Shunaoxin Dropping Pill (SDP) on blood pressure and cardiac protection in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods: The SHRs were randomly divided into three groups, model (M) group, SDP group, and valsartan (VL) group. Non-invasive blood pressure instrument was used to measure blood pressure. Serum content of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured using kits for 6 weeks after ig administration. Doppler echocardiography was used to evaluate left ventricular weight, and HE staining was used to assess aortic and cardiac morphology. Results: The blood pressure of SHRs decreased to minimum 1 h after ig administration of SDP (800 mg/kg). Long-term use of SDP could stabilize blood pressure of SHRs. Serum content of NOS in SDP group was significantly more than that in M group (P < 0.05). The serum content of Ang II in SDP group was significantly less than that in M group (P < 0.05). The left ventricular weight of SDP group was significantly lower than that in M group (P < 0.05). SDP administered group can improve myocardial and aortic morphology abnormalities caused by hypertension. Conclusion: SDP has a certain therapeutic effect on hypertensive with myocardial hypertrophy rats, it can be used as a potential drug on hypertensive disorders associated with cardiac hypertrophy.

Objective: To investigate the neuroprotective effects of Shunaoxin Dropping Pill (SDP) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats induced by D-galactose their mechanisms. Methods: Rats were ip given D-gal (100 mg/kg) for 60 d to induce the prominent changes of AD in the early stage. Morris water maze was used to investigate neurobehavioral changes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) kits were used to determine the indicators of oxidative stress, immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of GFAP and Caspase-3, and HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes in hippocampal region. Results: SDP treated group significantly decreased latency and increased the bouts of cross platform in Morris water maze experiment (P < 0.05), improved the morphological changes in hippocampal region and significantly increased the content of SOD content (P < 0.05), decreased the content of MDA (P < 0.05), and alleviated the neuron death. Conclusion: SDP has the certain therapeutic effect on prominent changes of AD in the early stage through its anti-oxidant stress effect. Our study provides the first piece of evidence supporting the potential use of SDP in the treatment of AD in clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of design of bone scaffolds with different single cell structures. METHODS: The related literature on the study of bone scaffolds with different single cell structures at home and abroad in recent years was extensively reviewed, and the research progress was summarized. RESULTS: The single cell structure of bone scaffold can be divided into regular cell structure, irregular cell structure, cell structure designed based on topology optimization theory, and cell structure designed based on triply periodic minimal surface. Different single cell structures have different structural morphology and geometric characteristics, and the selection of single cell structure directly determines the mechanical properties and biological properties of bone scaffold. It is very important to choose a reasonable cell structure for bone scaffold to replace the original bone tissue. CONCLUSION Bone scaffolds have been widely studied, but there are many kinds of bone scaffolds at present, and the optimization of single cell structure should be considered comprehensively, which is helpful to develop bone scaffolds with excellent performance and provide effective support for bone tissue.
Bone and Bones ; Tissue Scaffolds

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the influence of microstructure on performance of triply-periodic minimal surface (TPMS) bone scaffolds. METHODS: The relevant literature on the microstructure of TPMS bone scaffolds both domestically and internationally in recent years was widely reviewed, and the research progress in the imfluence of microstructure on the performance of bone scaffolds was summarized. RESULTS: The microstructure characteristics of TPMS bone scaffolds, such as pore shape, porosity, pore size, curvature, specific surface area, and tortuosity, exert a profound influence on bone scaffold performance. By finely adjusting the above parameters, it becomes feasible to substantially optimize the structural mechanical characteristics of the scaffold, thereby effectively preempting the occurrence of stress shielding phenomena. Concurrently, the manipulation of these parameters can also optimize the scaffold's biological performance, facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and growth, while facilitating the ingrowth and permeation of bone tissue. Ultimately, the ideal bone fusion results will obtain. CONCLUSION The microstructure significantly and substantially influences the performance of TPMS bone scaffolds. By deeply exploring the characteristics of these microstructure effects on the performance of bone scaffolds, the design of bone scaffolds can be further optimized to better match specific implantation regions.
Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry* ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Bone and Bones ; Porosity

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), Fibroscan, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI), and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio (APRI) and their combination for early stage liver cirrhosis. Methods: Three hundred and twenty-two hospitalized patients who had been diagnosed with chronic viral liver disease from March 2016 to April 2018 were included. According to the clinical diagnosis, patients were divided into chronic hepatitis and the early stage liver cirrhosis group (Child-Pugh A grade). All patients were examined by Fibroscan to detect liver stiffness measurement (LSM), ARFI to detect liver virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) value, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and EUS to detect esophagogastric varices, laboratory and imaging examination. The index of EUS, Fibroscan, ARFI, and APRI was analyzed and the regression model was established by binary logistic regression, and the diagnostic efficacy of the above index and regression model for early stage of cirrhosis was evaluated by the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs). Results: An early stage cirrhosis group had significantly higher detection rate with EUS (esophagogastric varices), Fibroscan (LSM), ARFI (VTQ) and APRI than chronic hepatitis group [76.7% vs. 10.7%, 10.4 (7.8, 17.3) vs. 6.1 (5.2, 8.4) kPa, 1.71(1.48, 2.07) m/s vs. 1.25(1.14, 1.43) m/s and 0.65 (0.38, 1.15) vs. 0.38(0.26, 0.62), respectively]. The corresponding chi-square test were 140.86, Z = -9.069, Z = -9.948 and Z = -5.764, respectively and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve and regression model were 0.830 (0.783 ~ 0.877), 0.793 (0.744 ~ 0.841), 0.821 (0.775 ~ 0.868), 0.686 (0.628 ~ 0.744) and 0.947 (0.925 ~ 0.969) for the diagnosis of early stage cirrhosis, respectively. Among them, the regression model of three indices (EUS, LSM and VTQ) had the largest AUROCs (0.947) and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.878 and 0.867, respectively. Conclusion The combination of EUS, LSM and ARFI had a superior diagnostic value for early stage liver cirrhosis, and may improve the diagnosis rate and reduce the misdiagnosis rate.

Androgen is an anabolic steroid composed of 19 carbon atoms. As a sex hormone, it has far-ranging effects on many sites within the body, including bone metabolism. Androgen has important effects on bone development and homeostasis. It has been proved that the androgen receptor (AR) expresses in bone cells, which indicates that androgen has direct effects on bone cells. Furthermore there is convincing evidence that aromatization to estrogen is an important way of mediating the action of testosterone. Androgen not only plays an important role in gaining the peak bone mass and maintaining the bone mass, but also has a close correlation with aging-related bone loss.
Androgens ; physiology ; Animals ; Bone Density ; physiology ; Bone and Bones ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Osteoblasts ; physiology ; Osteoclasts ; physiology ; Osteoporosis ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Receptors, Androgen ; physiology