Different routes of surgical nutrition have different influences on physical immunity.Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for a long time may inhibit immune function. Enteral nutrition (EN) may maintain integrity of structure and function of intestinal mucosa, prevent bacterial translocation, lighten systematic inflammatory response and improve immune function. This article reviewed the regulation of parenteral nutrition (PN) and EN to immunity and the application of immune enhanced nutrition.

Purpose:To explore the expression of fatty acid synthase in non-small cell lung cancer and to detect its association with clinicopathological features and prognosis.Methods:107 patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery were followed up for more than 5 years.Fatty acid synthase were evaluated by immunohistochemisctry on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues and compared with benign lesion and normal tissue.Multiple clinical parameters and survival were analyzed.Results:In 107 patients with NSCLC,FAS expression was observed in 43 cases(40.2%).In contrast to benign lesions and normal tissue,FAS is significantly overexpressed in NSCLC.Survival analysis revealed that the 5-year survival rate was lower in FAS positive patients than in negative patients(16% vs 43%,p

Objectives:To investigate the effect of glutamine on the shape of residual intestine and colon in rats with short bowel syndrome.　Methods:23 male Sprague-Dawley rats,underwent a 80% small bowel resection,were randomly divided into three groups:food group(n=8) rats,fed rat chow and water libitum after operation;TPN group(n=8),infused with Gln-supplied TPN;and normal control group.On seventh day after operation,rats were weighted and remaining jejunum、remaining ileum and colon were harvested for histological observation(light microscopy and electron microscopy).　Results:There was significant difference in rat average weight between food group and Gln group after operation.Jejunal mucosal villus height(VH) and mucosal thickness(MT) and ileal mucosal VH in food group were significantly increased than those in control group.Jejunal mucosal VH and MT in control group were significantly higher than in TPN group.Ileal mucosal crypt depth(CD) and MT in control group were also significantly higher than in TPN group.Jejunal and ileal mucosal VH、CD and MT in Gln group were significantly higher than in TPN group.Colonic MT in food group was significantly higher than in control group.Colonic MT in Gln group was significantly bigger than in TPN group.　Conclusions:After 80% intestinal resection,the remaining intestine can develop the adaptation,but the adaptation is incomplete.TPN therapy can maintain body weight,but only TPN can not result in the adaption.Gln-supplied TPN can stop the remaining itestinal mucosal atrophy,and promote the remaining intestinal adaptation and colonic mucosal hypertrophy.

Objectives: To observe the effects and the mechanisms of exogenous fatty acids on colorectal cancer cells(LoVo). Methods:The effect of exogenous fatty acids on LoVo cells was determined by 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay.The content of MDA was examined to evaluate the extent of lipid peroxidation. Results:The growth of LoVo cells was inhibited by polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs).The inhibitory effect of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids on LoVo cells was not showed.None of the fatty acids was found to fibroblast cells(HLF).PUFAs caused the significant rising of intracellular MDA content. Conclusions:PUFAs could inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cells.The strengthening of lipid peroxidation may be one of the mechanisms.

Objectives:To observe the changes in metabolism of fatty acids in breast cancer cells and the effects of inhibiting fatty acid synthase(FAS) on the growth of breast cancer cells. Methods:By RT PCR,the expression of FAS mRNA in breast cancer cell line was examined.The growth inhibition of breast cancer cells by specific FAS inhibitor, cerulenin, was determined by MTT assay.Flow cytometric analysis was used to study the changes of cell cycle. Results:FAS mRNA expression in MCF 7 cells was high.We found that cerulenin caused dose and time dependent inhibition of growth of MCF 7 cells.The growth inhibition of MCF 7 after 48 hours exposure of cerulenin at 2.5,5,10 and 20 mg/L was ( 43.47 ?4.58)%,(62.92?2.68)%,(81.93?0.91)% and (67.7?12.27)%( P

Objective: To evaluate the effects of enteral nutrition(EN) containing dietary fiber and parenteral nutrition(PN) on nutritional status and immune function of patients following surgery for carcinoma of stomach.Methods: 60 patients who underwent surgery for carcinoma of stomach were randomized to PN group(n=20),Pepti-2000(elemental diet) group(n=20) or Nutrison Multi Fibre(EN containing dietary fiber) group(n=20) for 7 days.Isocaloric and isonitrogenous nutritional supports began at the first day after operation and were maintained for a week.Nutritional variables such as body weight,serum albumin,transferin and accumulated nitrogen balance were measured preoperatively and on the 8th day after operation.Meanwhile,immune variables such as peripheral lymphocytes counts,subsets of lymphocytes(CD3,CD4,CD8,CD25),NK cells,serum immunoglobulins(IgG,IgM,IgA),complement system(C3,C4,CH50) and C-reactive protein(CRP) were also determined.Results: No serious complications occurred in all groups after surgery.Body weight decreased significantly in all groups(P

Objectives:To investigate the effects of intravenous LCT or MCT/LCT fat emulsions on the lipid mediators and pancreatic histological changes in ANP rats. Methods:Forty three male SD rats were randomized to groups as follow.Group A～C were without ANP, group A:normal controls, group B:normal rats having received lipid based TPN and group C:operation control(OC) group having received the glucose fluid.Group D～F were with ANP,glucose group,Intralipid group and Lipofundin group.The amylase and prostaglandins in serum were determined in group A.Pancreatic histological examinations were also performed.In group B～F,Amylases or prostaglandins in serum were determined at 4,48 and 72 h, and pancreatic histological examination and pathological scoring were also completed. Results:Intralipid had no effects on serum prostaglandins when it was infused to normal rats.In groups of ANP,intravenous fat emulsion increased the 6 keto PGF 1? ,and PGE 2 concentration in serum at 4 h.Pancreatic hemorrhagic and fat necrosis were significantly reduced in Lipofundin group. Conclusions:Intravenous fat emulsion does not worsen the damages to pancreas in ANP.MCT/LCT fat emulsion is more suitable for patients with ANP.

Objective To discuss the feasibility of preoperative diet by measuring gastric emptying time of carbohydrate and protein nutrient solutions in healthy volunteers.Methods A total of 20 healthy volunteers were collected from August 2013 to May 2014.On the morning of the trial,baseline gastric residual volume of each volunteer was measured with magnetic resonance imaging at 8 a.m.,then each of the 20 healthy volunteers took 12.5％ carbohydrate solution 400 ml (containing 40 g of maltodextrin and 10 g of sucrose) or 12.5％ whey protein solution (containing 50 g whey protein) in 5 minutes.Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted to measure the gastric residual volume every 25 minutes.The volunteers were shifted to the other nutrient solution after a 1-week interval.The gastric emptying time of both nutrient solutions was calculated to generate the curves illustrating the process of gastric emptying.Results The baseline gastric residual volume of the volunteers was (14.90 ± 9.39) ml.The total gastric emptying time of carbohydrate solution was (104.90 ± 27.98) min (95 ％ CI 98.64-111.16 min),while that of whey protein solution was (199.6 ± 34.17) min (95％ CI 184.47-214.73 min).There was a significant difference between these two types of nutrient solution in terms of gastric emptying time (P ＜ 0.000 1).Conclusions The induction of anesthesia could be performed 2 hours after carbohydrate administration,and at least 4 hours after whey protein administration.

Objective To determine the gastric emptying time for liquids in the healthy volunteers by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to provide a reference for reasonable preoperative fasting time.Methods Nineteen healthy volunteers of both sexes,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 20-60 yr,were enrolled in the study.The volunteers were fasted from the intake of liquids or solids starting from 22:00 the night before the trial,and 12.5％ carbohydrate solution 400 ml containing 40 g maltodextrin and 10 g sucrose was given orally.MRI was performed to measure the baseline gastric fluid volume at 8:00 on the day of the trial (T0).The gastric fluid volume was measured immediately after administration of the oral solution,and then measured every 25 min until the gastric fluid volume was returned to the baseline before administration of the oral solution or to ＜25 ml,and was recorded as T25,T50,T75,T100,et al.The gastric fluid volume was drawn using a computer to obtain the curve for gastric emptying.The gastric half and total emptying time was calculated using the curves.Results The gastric half emptying time was (32± 12) min,and the gastric total emptying time was (99±22) min in the volunteers.Compared with those at Tb,the gastric fluid volume was significantly increased at T25,T50,T75,T100,and no significant change was found in gastric fluid volume at T125,T150and T175.Conclusion After oral intake of liquids,the gastric emptying time is about 2 h,indicating that the preoperative fasting time for liquids can be shortened to 2 h before anesthesia in the healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUNDFatty acid synthase (FAS) is differentially overexpressed and hyperactivated in many tumors and indicates poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to explore the expression of FAS mRNA and its significance in lung cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues, compared with normal lung tissues.

METHODSFifty-five lung cancer tissues, 32 paracancerous tissues and 32 normal lung tissues were collected. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and imaging analysis were applied to determine the FAS mRNA expression.

RESULTSThe positive rate of FAS mRNA expression was 72.7%, 62.5% and 25.0% in lung cancer tissues, paracancerous tissues and normal lung tissues, respectively (P < 0.01). The expression level of FAS mRNA was 0.885±0.06 in lung cancer tissues, 0.564±0.10 in paracancerous tissues and 0.259±0.04 in normal lung tissues. The expression level of FAS mRNA in lung cancer was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues and normal lung tissues (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSFAS mRNA is significantly overexpressed in lung cancer. The results suggest that overexpression of tumor lipid metabolism may play an important role in the oncogenesis and development of lung cancer.