Objective To study the clinical characteristics and related factors of type 2 diabetes with different ankle brachial index (ABI).Methods Two hundred and sixty-two patients with type 2 diabetes in Tieying Hospital of Fengtai District of Beijing outpatient and inpatient from January 2012 to April 2015 were selected.General information,blood biochemical parameters and ABI of patients were tested and collected.The patients were classified into three groups according to the different ABI.A group was ABI＜0.9 with 40 cases,B group was ABI 0.9-1.3 with 191 cases,C group was ABI＞1.3 with 31 cases.The clinical characteristics of three groups were analyzed.Results The age of the patients in group B was younger than that in group A and C((62±15) years old vs.(72±10) years old vs.(71±9) years old,P=0.048).The duration of disease in group B was shorter than that in group A and C((6±6) years vs.(10±2) years vs.(11±3) years,P=0.037).The Blood uric acid of patient in group B were lower than those of patient in group A and C((320±111) μmol/L vs.(350±110) μmol/L vs.(338±109) μmol/L,P=0.039).The glycosylated hemoglobin levels of patient in group Bwere higher than those of patient in group A and C((9.5±1.8)％ vs.(7.2±2.3)％ vs.(8.8±2.0) ％,P=0.041).Compared with group A,the level of UA,HbA1c in group B were more higher(P＜0.05).The incidence rate of diabetic foot was 23％ (9/40) in group A,6％ (11/191) in group B,23％ (7/31) in group C,and the difference was significant(P=0.042).Compared with group A and C,the the incidence rate of diabetic foot in group B was the lower(P＜0.05).Correlation analysis showed that ABI was negatively correlated with age,course of disease,HbA1c(r=-0.65,-0.70,-0.79,-0.61,P＜0.05).Conclusion Different ABI of patients with type 2 diabetes have different clinical features.With increasing age,disease duration,glycosylated hemoglobin and blood uric acid level,it is likely to cause patients with abnormal ABI and increase the probability of occurrence of diabetic foot.

Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in different stages of diabetic nephropathy patients.Methods Ninety-eight cases of diabetics were selected as our subjects in observation group,who were hospitalized in Tieying Hospital of Fengtai District of Beijing from January 2010 to December 2014.They were divided into diabetics group(36 cases,UAER ＜30 mg/24 h),microalbuminuria group(32 cases,UAER was 30-300 mg/24 h),massive proteinuria group (30cases,UAER＞300 mg/24 h).One hundred healthy persons were selected as a normal control group over the same period.The changes of fasting blood glucose,course of disease,blood lipid,serum creatinine and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in all groups were recorded.Results Fasting blood glucose,serum creatinine and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were (8.97±2.3) mmol/L,(76.2±19.5) μmol/L,(28.9±13.6) μg/L in observation group,and (4.7±0.4) mmol/L,(63.1±12.0) μmol/L,(70.1±21.3) μg/L in control group respectively,the difference between the two group was statistically significant (P =0.031,0.046,0.028).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was (52.68±20.91) μg/L in patients of diabetics group,(31.40±15.23) μg/L in microabuminuria group,(15.76±7.81) μg/L in massive proteinuria group,the difference among the three group was statistically significant (P =0.036).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of microabuminuria group and massive proteinuria group were lower than of diabetics group,of massive proteinuria group was lower than of microabuminuria group(P＜0.05).Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was negatively correlated with the cause of disease(r=-0.301),fasting blood glucose (r =-0.281) and serum creatinine (r =-0.536) in patients with type 2 diabetes,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with diabetic nephropathy decrease in different degree,which reflects the severity of renal damage.The results indicate that reduction of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may be involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy

Long-term potentiation(LTP)is a typical model of synaptic plasticity which has great relationship with learning and memory mechanisms:The induction of LTP depends on the activation of the calcium channels and LTPs generated by calcium ions influx through different channels play different roles in memory.This paper reviews the progress of the research on LTPs induced by activations of N-methyl-D-aspanate receptor(NMDAR)channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels(VDCC).Finally,it gives an example of new forms of low frequency stimulation for induction of LTP.

Objective Working memory (WM) is one of important cognitive functions.The aim of this study was to investigate spatial distributions of electroencephalographs (EEGs) power during visual WM task,which may provide support for studying the principal frequency band and critical region related to WM.Methods 32-channel EEGs were recorded from 16 healthy subjects while they perform visual WM task.The data came from 240 trials and the original EEGs were preprocessed.Fourier transform was applied to calculate spatial distributions of EEGs power in the δ,θ,α,β,γfrequency bands and the percentage of each band in the total power.Results The percentages of δ,θ,α,β,γbands in the total power were (22.44±0.86)％,(31.88±0.55)％,(24.66±1.43)％,(13.54±0.64)％,(7.47±0.48)％,respectively.The power in the θ band was significantly higher than those in the other bands (paired t-test,P＜0.001).The θ power was focused in the frontal midline region.Conclusions The principal frequency band related to WM was the θ band and the critical region was the frontal region.

This paper describes virtual instrumentation and its most representative developing environment-LabVIEW. The use of LabVIEW to program custom functions ,such as signal acquisition ,processing ,system control ,in biomedical research ,is also introduced.

Objective To observe the targeted migration of glycosylated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in rabbit bone defect models.Methods A New Zealand rabbit of 2 months old and 1.5 kg in weight was used to separate,extract and amplify BMSCs.α-1,3 fucosyltransferase Ⅵ (FUT-6) gene was transfected to the BMSCs by liposome method to screen the positive clone cell lines.ELISA was used to detect FUT-6 expression and Sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) of FUT-6/BMSCs and BMSCs.Flow cytometry was used to detect the binding force of FUT-6/BMSCs and BMSCs with E/P selectin.FUT-6/BMSCs and BMSCs were labeled with eGFP in vitro and then intravenously re-infused respectively to 2 equal groups of bone defect models made of 12 New Zealand rabbits.Fluorescence microscopy was used at 6,12 and 24 hours postoperation to observe the number of labeled cells in the medullary cavity tissue at the bone defect sites to evaluate the targeted migration.Results BMSCs were amplified by in vitro culture.Transfected BMSCs expressed a significantly higher level of FUT-6,and increased significantly generation of sLeX (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with BMSCs,FUT-6/BMSCs had an obviously higher binding force with E/P selectin (15.0％ and 12.7％ versus 68.9％ and 59.7％).Fluorescence microscopy at 6,12 and 24 hours showed that there were significantly more FUT-6/BMSCs than BMSCs in the medullary cavity tissue at the bone defect sites (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Glycosylated BMSCs possess an obvious ability to migrate to the sites of lesion.

Medical image registration plays an important role in the research of medical image processing field. It is widely used in the areas of clinical diagnoses, treatment, quality assurance and evaluation of curative effect. This paper gives an overview on three medical image registration methods Correlation method, mutual information method, and wavelet transform method. Features of these method and their applications are reviewed.

With the development of brain research, study of neural coding has attracted more attention. Neural coding by informatics entropy is a very important aspect in the research field. This paper presents an overview of typical entropy coding methods of neuronal spike train including binary string method, direct method, asymptotically unbiased estimator method, inter-spike interval and mutual information method. Related principles and application are reviwed.

Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on hippocampus metabolic changes in rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods A chronic temporal lobe epilepsy model was established by use of lithium-pilocarpine in rats. The hippocampus metabolism of the rats were detected by 1H-MRS method before and after the rTMS and compared with that of the normal controls. Relative ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), glutamate (Glu) and ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) over creatine (Cr) were calculated. Results Compared with normal control rats, NAA/Cr and GABA/Cr ratios decreased significantly and Cho/Cr ratios increased significantly in hippocampus of the rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. After rTMS NAA/Cr and GABA/Cr ratios increased significantly and Cho/Cr ratios decreased significantly in hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. However, rTMS did not significantly affect the Glu/Cr ratio in hippocampus of the rats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Conclusion rTMS could improve the hippocampus metabolism and exert a neuroprotective effect against brain damage induced by epilepsy.

Objective To analyze the association between type 2 diabetes and lung cancer and study their clinical features.Methods 76 lung cancer patients admitted in Shengjing hospital from June 2006 to June 2008 and their neighbors(or their colleagues)were enrolled to conduct a 1∶1 matched case control study.Results 27.63% of lung cancer patients had type 2 diabetes.Adenocarcinoma was the most common type associated with type 2 diabetes,accounting for 47.62%.There was no statistical significance in ages and gender between cases and their matched control.The symptoms of type 2 diabetes with lung cancers were not typical.Conclusion Type 2 diabetes is significantly correlated with lung cancers.The incidence of type 2 diabetes in lung cancer patients is higher than that in subjects without lung cancers.Early diagnosis and strict blood glucose control are critical for good prognosis.