Because preterm infants are premature,the rates of refractive errors and visual abnormalities are significantly higher than those normal full-term infants.By understanding their refractive characteristics and the factors those affect visual development,meanwhile,recognizing that premature birth also plays a role in the refractive or visual development of preterm infants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP),we can establish the strict follow-up system,then early detection and be early in time for premature children with clinical intervention or treatment which is beneficial for normal visual development.It is extremely important to reduce abnormal visual development in preterm children,and to improve the visual quality of patients and quality of life.This paper summarizes the researches of refractive and visual development in preterm infants.

[Abstract ] Objective As an important metal element, iron is involved in a variety of life activities.This study was to inves-tigate the effect of iron deposition on the apoptosis of PC12 cells and the expression of glyceraldehyde de-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Methods PC12 cells were incubated with FeCl3 at 50, 100, and 500 μmol/L for the establishment of an iron deposi-tion cell model.The proliferation of the PC12 cells was measured with the CCK-8 method, their apoptosis determined by TUNEL, the expressions of GAPDH mRNA and protein detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot respectively, and the level of GAP-DH in the nuclei measured by immunofluorescence assay. Results Compared with the normal control group, the proliferation rate of the PC12 cells was decreased in the 50μmol/L FeCl3 group (100%vs [77.13 ±3.9]%, P>0.05) and significantly in the 100 and 500 μmol/L groups ([66.19 ±3.37]% and [13.84 ±0.43]%) (P<0.05).In comparison with the control, the expression of GAPDH mRNA was up-regulated in the 50 μmol group (1.00 ±0.00 vs 1.42 ±0.03, P>0.05) and remarkably in the 100 and 500μmol/L groups (1.93 ±0.07 and 2.33 ±0.15) (P<0.05), while that of GAPDH protein down-regulated in the 50μmol group (1.00 ± 0.00 vs 0.94 ±0.11, P>0.05) and markedly elevated in the 100 and 500 μmol/L groups ( 1.45 ±0.13 and 1.79 ±0.07 ) ( P<0.05) .After iron deposition, GAPDH transferred from the cytoplasm to the nuclei of the PC12 cells and nuclear accumulation was observed. Conclusion Iron deposition increases the apoptosis of PC12 cells, which may be related to the up-regulated expression of GAPDH in the nuclei.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders is a common functional disease without organic pathologic changes, mainly including functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation.As the dissatisfaction, side effects and recurrence with drug treatment, transcutaneous electrical stimulation has taken an important role in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in recent years.This article reviewed the progress of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in treatment of functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation.

Objective: To investigate the impact of clopidogrel or aspirin resistance on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to explore the application value of thromboelastogram (TEG) in antiplatelet therapy. Methods: A total of 177 ACS patients admitted in our hospital from 2012-09 to 2014-12 were enrolled. The patients were at the mean age of (70.4±10.7) years, all of them received TEG and coagulation function test. Based on the reaction of antiplatelet therapy, they were divided into 2 groups: Non-resistance group,n=98 and Resistance group,n=70, which was further divided into 2 subgroups as Maintenance dose subgroup,n=39 and Increased dose subgroup,n=40. The patients were followed-up for 3 months to observe MACE occurrence including cardiovascular death, angina recurrence, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute thrombosis and hemorrhage. Results: In Resistance group, there were 50/79 (63.3%) patients with aspirin resistance and 29 (36.7%) with clopidogrel resistance. Compared with Non-resistance group, Resistance group showed decreased coagulation time, clot formation time, TEG reducing rate after 30 minutes maximum amplitude (LY30), activated partial thrombin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and international normalized ratio (INR), allP<0.05; while increased levels angle, maximum amplitude of TEG, coagulationindex, ifbrinogen and D-dimer, allP<0.05. Compared with Non-resistance group, Resistance group had the higher MACE rate 21.5% vs 7.1%,P<0.05; in addition, Increased dose subgroup had the lower MACE rate than Maintenance dose subgroup 17.5 vs 25.6%,P<0.05. Conclusion: Clopidogrel or aspirin resistance had the higher incidence of MACE in elder ACS patients; TEG was helpful for guiding antiplatelet therapy and reducing MACE incidence.

BACKGROUND:Existing studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s can significantly improve islet function in diabetic rats to decrease excessively high blood glucose level, which may be related to the enhancement of differentiation ability of autologou pancreatic stem cel s.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the therapeutic efficacy of basic fibroblast growth factor gene eukaryotic expression vector (PEGFP-C3-BFGF) transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s in diabetic rats.
METHODS:Recombinant adenovirus (Ad.aFGF) mediated PEGFP-C3-BFGF was transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s, and PEGFP-C3-BFGF expression was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, diabetes group, transplantation group, gene transfection group, with 20 rats in each group. After modeling, rats in different groups were given portal vein injection of normal saline, PBS, 1 mL of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel suspension, and 1 mL of PEGFP-C3-BFGF-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel suspension. RT-PCR method was used to detect mRNA expression of matrix metal oproteinases in pancreatic tissue of rats in each group. Blood glucose levels of rats were detected at 24 hours, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after transplantation. ELISA method was used to detect plasma insulin levels in rats. Pathological changes of the pancreas were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Under the fluorescence microscope, PEGFP-C3-BFGF transfected into cel s after 48 hours showed significant specific red fluorescence. Two weeks after transplantation, matrix metal oproteinases mRNA expression was significantly increased in the diabetes group compared with the control group (P<0.05), while it was decreased in the transplantation and gene transfection groups compared with the diabetes group (P<0.05). After transplantation, the blood glucose levels in rats were ranked as fol ows:control groupgene transfection group>transplantation group>diabetes group (P<0.05). Pathological findings of the pancreas showed that the transplantation group was superior to the diabetes group, but inferior to the gene transfection group that was similar to the control group. Al these findings indicate that PEGFP-C3-BFGF-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel transplantation can improve blood glucose levels and stimulate insulin secretion in diabetic rats, which may improve the severity of diabetes mel itus by decreasing the mRNA expression of matrix metal oproteinases.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristic of autoimmune gastritis (AIG).Methods From January 1990 to April 2010,the clinical data of 55 AIG patients were retrospectively analyzed,which included hemoglobin,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH),gastrin,intrinsic factor antibody (IFA),parietal cell antibody (PCA),gastrointestinal endoscopy examination and 24-hour esophageal pH recording.Another 31 megaloblastic anemia (MA) patients were selected as control.Statistical analysis was performed by independent-samples t test.Results Among 55 AIG patients,49 patients were associated with MA,and three out of four cases were identified of IFA.About 43.8％ (21/48) patients were PCA positive.Before treatment,the levels of LDH and α-HBDH of AIG patients with MA were (1045.50±853.46)U/L and (853.71±824.23) U/L which significantly increased,than those of patients without MA [(166.67±41.03) U/L,(133.67±27.90) U/L],the differences were statistically significant (t=-4.665,-2.120,both P＜0.05),however there was no significant difference when compared with the control group [(1047.52±1028.31) U/L,(1050.23±1264.37) U/L,both P＞0.05)].A total of 46 patients underwent gastroendoscopy examination,63.0％ (29/46) patients had gastric body atrophy while gastric antrum not involved; 34.8％ (16/46) patients had neither gastric body nor antrum atrophy; seven patients gastric mucosal showed intestinal metaplasia and one patient showed intestinal metaplasia with atypical hyperplasia and 2.2％ (1/46) presented both the antrum and the body atrophy.Conclusions The levels of LDH and α-HBDH increased in AIG patients might be related with MA caused marrow in-situ hemolysis.IFA is recommended as a routine test for AIG.There is still some limitations of AIG diagnosis according to histopathological features of gastric endoscopy specimen.The clinical features should be taken into consideration.

Pancreatic cancer was one of common malignant tumors of the digestive tract, early diagnosis of which was difficult and surgical resection rate was low. The prognosis was poor, and its incidence increased year by year. Conventional treatment of pancreatic cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but 90％ of the patients had lost the surgical opportunity when they see a doctor, and not sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Relative to these traditional treatments, gene therapy is an innovative approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and had attracted wide attention in recent years. Many gene therapy drugs for pancreatic cancer had now entered Ⅰ / Ⅱ clinical trials. The gene therapy techniques for pancreatic cancer included antisense gene therapy, suicide gene therapy, immune gene therapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. In this article, we reviewed recent advances in gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Objective To investigate the effects of pretreatment with Shen-fu injection on mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (△ψm) following myocardial ischemiareperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Thirty SD rats of both sexes weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into3 groups with 10 animals in each group:Ⅰ sham operation group (group S); Ⅱ IR group and Ⅲ Shen-fu injection group (group SFI). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 20% urethane 5 ml/kg. The chest was opened and the heart exposed. Myocardial IR was induced by temporary ligation of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery maintained for 30 min, followed by 120 min reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia was confirmed by decoloration of apex and elevation of S-T segment (＞ 0.1 mV) or erection of T wave. In group SFI,SFI 10 ml/kg was infused at 15 min before ischemia, while in group S and IR equal volume of normal saline was infused instead of SFI. At 120 min of reperfusion, blood samples were collected from right internal carotid artery for determination of serum concentration of cTnI. The animals were then sacrificed and the hearts were immediately removed for measurement of myocardial mitochonerial permeability transition pore (MPTP) activity (by spectrophotometry at 540 nm) and myocardial △ψm (by fluorospectrophotometer using rhodamine 123 as fluorescent probe). Results Compared with group S, serum cTnI concentration and MPTP activity were significantly increased and △ψm was decreased in group IR. SFI pretreatment significantly attenuated the IRinduced increase in serum cTnI concentration and the MPTP activity and decrease in △ψm. Conclusion SFI pretreatment can protect myocardium from IR injury by attenuating the IR induced increase in MPTP opening and decrease in △ψm.

Objective To study the effects of peroxisome prolifterator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist on the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA in the ischemia-reperfusion brain tissues. Methods Adult male SD rats were randomly divided into: sham-operation + normal saline group (NS,n = 6 ), ischemia-reperfusion tion. The expression of ICAM-1mRNA was measured by RT-PCR at 24 h after ischemia. Results The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA of the low-dose PGZ group (0.571±0.032) and the high-dose PGZ group (0. 396±0.024)were significantly reduced compared with that of the I/R + NS group (0.847±0. 028 ) (P<0.05).Conclusion PPARγ agonists can downregulate the the expression of ICAM-1mRNA in the ischemia brain tissue.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of the three operation mode in treatment of ovarian cyst. Methods According to the digital table,138 patients with ovarian cyst were divided into three groups,the group A (n=46 cases)were operated through open operation,group B (n =46 cases)were operated through transvaginal operation,group C(n=46 cases)were operated through laparoscopic operation.The three groups were observed the situation of operation (operation time,bleeding volume,the first exhaust time,hospitalizationtime ),complications (infection,hemorrhage,perimenopausal changes ),postoperative follow -up for 1 years.The recurrence rate was observed.Results Group A of 46 patients were successfully completed surgery,B,C groups of 1 patients was con-versed to laparotomy due to severe adhesion.B,C groups in the operation time,amount of bleeding during the opera-tion,the time of hospitalization were significantly less than that of group A (t=4.306,5.172,3.012,3.926,3.776, 2.168,P<0.05,P<0.01).B group was significantly less than those of A,C group in the first exhaust time (t=3.014,2.446,all P<0.05).In the operation time of group B was obviously less than that of group C (t=2.748,P<0.05).A,B,C three groups of postoperative complication rates were 39.1%,11.1%,15.6% respectively;the incidence of complications of B,C groups was lower than that in A group (χ2 =9.82,8.64,all P<0.01 ).After 1years follow-up,the recurrence rate in group B was significantly higher than that of A and C groups (χ2 =6.72, 6.72,all P<0.01).Conclusion Treatment of ovarian cyst vaginal surgery and laparoscopic surgery wound is small, but the person that weigh should be performed open adhesion treatment,individualized treatment.