NKR and TLR are most important receptor superfamilies in innate immunity and act as first line of host defense against infection. Those receptors exert peculiar recognition mechanisms to sense danger signals and distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self. More importantly, they coordinate and regulate each other and therefore play major roles in initiation of innate immunity and also help to direct adaptive immune responses. The importance of recognition and interaction of those receptors are highlighted. The precise mechanisms can be harnessed to aid the rational design of therapy against infection, inflammation, cancer or autoimmune diseases.

The development of the nerves of the small intestine was studied in 26 human fetuses with the gestational age of 11 to 40 weeks.The findings are as follows:(1)The distance between the Auerbach's ganglia and the muscular layer is small in the early fetal period and it increases progressively as the fetus grows.(2)The density of neuropils increases gradually.(3)The number of large gradual vacuoles (LGV) is small in the 3rd month of gestation,and it increases gradually and is quite numerous in the 6th month.(4)The morphology of the synapses is not so typical as that of an adult.(5)The peak values of the stereological morphological parameters of the organelles in the neurons appear between the 4th-6th month and maintain at a relatively high level until the baby is bron.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective This study assessed whether the best overall response rate(ORR) of cetuximab combined with oxaliplatin,leucovorin and fluorouracil/Xeloda was superior to that of this method alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer.The influence of KRAS mutation status was investigated.Methods Patients received cetuximab(400mg/m2 initial dose followed by 250mg/m2,wk thereafter)less than 2 times plus chemotherapy(oxaliplatin 130mg/m2 on day 1,plus leucovorin 200mg/m2 and fluorouracil as a 400mg/m2 bolus followed by a 600mg/m2 infusion during 22 hours on days 1 and 2) or chemotherapy alone.Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.KRAS mutation status was assessed in the subset of patients with assessable tumor samples.Results The confirmed ORR for cetuximab plus oxaliplatin,leucovorin and fluorouracil/Xeloda was higher than that with alone(42.86% vs 21.74%).A statistically significant increase in the odds for a response with the addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin,leucovorin and fluorouracil/Xeloda could be established.In patients with KRAS wild-type tumors,the addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin,leucovorin and fluorouracil/Xeloda was associated with a clinically significant increased chance of response(ORR 54.55% vs 21.74%) and a lower risk as compared with chemothrapy alone.Cetuximab plus oxaliplatin,leucovorin and fluorouracil/Xeloda was generally well tolerated.Conclusion The clinical effcacy of chemothrapy(oxaliplatin,leucovorin and fluorouracil/Xeloda) plus cetuximab is better than only chemothrapy.KRAS mutational status was shown to be a highly predictive selection criterion in the treatment decision regarding the addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin,leucovorin and fluorouracil/Xeloda for previously untreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of injecting the tumescent fluid into the separated space in breast augmentation by transaxillary incision under gerenal anesthesia. Methods In 203 cases of breast augmentations by transaxillary incision, some tumescent fluid was injected into the incision and submuscular or subgland space, and then separated under general anethesia. By comparison of the 210 cases without tumescent fluid, the advantages and the clinical significances of this approach were discussed. Results There were less bleeding, early allevation of pain after operation and decreased incidence of local congestion and swelling in patients with tumescent fluid. Conclusion The tumescent fluid could reduce bleeding, early pain after operation and local congestion and swelling in the breast augmentation under general anesthesia.

0.05). The difference of CT values among the regions of middle portion had statistical significance(F=4.539,P

Objective To explore the effects of oxidative stress and pulmonary vascular permeability on lung injury in rats treated with sodium cyanide(NaCN) and /or hypobaric hypoxia.Methods A total of 72 male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: the NaCN intoxicated group in 308m altitude and the hypobaric hypoxia combined NaCN intoxicated group in 4 000m high altitude.The animals for the experiment of hypoxia were processed in an artificial hypobaric chamber to simulate the designated high altitude hypoxia(4 000m,61kPa).NaCN was injected subcutaneously to the rats in the both groups at the dosage of 3.6mg/kg.Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and lung tissues were prepared at the time points of 0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 and 6.0h.The activity of SOD,GSH-PX,ACE,LDH,AKP and the content of MDA,GSH,Evan's blue(EB) were detected by spectrophotometric method.Results Combined acute hypobaric hypoxia and NaCN intoxication produced a significant increasing effect on EB content in the rats.The activity of ACE,LDH and AKP in BALF,and the contents of MDA in BALF and lung tissue reached the highest value at 0.5h preparation at the combined hypobaric hypoxia and NaCN intoxicated group,but they were still higher than that of control group(NaCN intoxicated only);correspondingly the activity of SOD,GSH-PX,content of GSH in lung tissue and BALF reached the lowest value at 0.5h preparation at the combined hypobaric hypoxia and NaCN intoxicated group,but they were still lower than that of control NaCN intoxicated group.Conclusion The results suggest that under the condition of hypoxia,NaCN intoxication may produce severe harmful effects on the lungs,increase the pulmonary vascular permeability,and cause severe interference on to the oxidative stress level.

To treat residual or recurrent stones after operation on hepatolithiasis conveniently and effectively, a subcutaneous permanent tunnel to bile duct (SPTBD) was established in 564 cases of hepatolithiasis by using an afferent jejunum or a well-functioned gallbladder in order to provide a postoperative way to remove residual or recurrent stones through cholangioscopy. We found that by cutting SPTBD open to remove residual or recurrent stones through cholangioscopy in 96 out of 238 followed-up cases, all the patients got good clinical effects without death or complications. The results suggest that it is a good method to establish a SPTBD during operation in patient with hepatolithiasis. It is a simple and effective way to cut SPTBD open to remove residual or recurrent stones after operation.

Objective To observe the impact of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on blood pressure and heart rate in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods 48 adult SCI patients who accepted HBO therapy from March to November, 2014, were observed. Other 48 non-SCI patients matched sexes and ages were as the controls. Their blood pressure and heart rate were measured before chambering, before compression, HBO for 30 minutes, before decompression and at the end of decompression. The patients were divided into high SCI group and low SCI group based on the injury levels above or below T4. Results The blood pressure was lower in the high SCI patients than their controls (t>6.337, P<0.001), and increased as taking in the oxygen. There was no significant difference between the high SCI patients than their controls as they took in for 30 minutes and before the decompression (P>0.05). No difference was found between both groups in heart rate (P>0.05). For the low SCI patients, neither the blood pressure nor the heart rate was different from their controls (P>0.05). Conclusion The blood pressure may increase during HBO intaking in the high SCI patients, which need be paid attention to.

Every stage of tumor initiation and development closely relates to immune regulation as tumor cells tend to evade attacks from immune system by employing the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/ programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction.Therefore,targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has become an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy.Radiotherapy has long been considered a local tumor treatment modality and it is immune-inhibitory.However,accumulated evidence has shown that radiotherapy might enhance immune function by eliminating the tumor mass and has become a systemic tumor treatment modality.These observations indicate a strong rationale that the radiotherapy and anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy may work synergistically to provide a powerful anti-tumor effect.This review discusses current progresses,challenges and perspectives of this novel combination treatment modality.