Because preterm infants are premature,the rates of refractive errors and visual abnormalities are significantly higher than those normal full-term infants.By understanding their refractive characteristics and the factors those affect visual development,meanwhile,recognizing that premature birth also plays a role in the refractive or visual development of preterm infants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP),we can establish the strict follow-up system,then early detection and be early in time for premature children with clinical intervention or treatment which is beneficial for normal visual development.It is extremely important to reduce abnormal visual development in preterm children,and to improve the visual quality of patients and quality of life.This paper summarizes the researches of refractive and visual development in preterm infants.

[Abstract ] Objective As an important metal element, iron is involved in a variety of life activities.This study was to inves-tigate the effect of iron deposition on the apoptosis of PC12 cells and the expression of glyceraldehyde de-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Methods PC12 cells were incubated with FeCl3 at 50, 100, and 500 μmol/L for the establishment of an iron deposi-tion cell model.The proliferation of the PC12 cells was measured with the CCK-8 method, their apoptosis determined by TUNEL, the expressions of GAPDH mRNA and protein detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot respectively, and the level of GAP-DH in the nuclei measured by immunofluorescence assay. Results Compared with the normal control group, the proliferation rate of the PC12 cells was decreased in the 50μmol/L FeCl3 group (100%vs [77.13 ±3.9]%, P>0.05) and significantly in the 100 and 500 μmol/L groups ([66.19 ±3.37]% and [13.84 ±0.43]%) (P<0.05).In comparison with the control, the expression of GAPDH mRNA was up-regulated in the 50 μmol group (1.00 ±0.00 vs 1.42 ±0.03, P>0.05) and remarkably in the 100 and 500μmol/L groups (1.93 ±0.07 and 2.33 ±0.15) (P<0.05), while that of GAPDH protein down-regulated in the 50μmol group (1.00 ± 0.00 vs 0.94 ±0.11, P>0.05) and markedly elevated in the 100 and 500 μmol/L groups ( 1.45 ±0.13 and 1.79 ±0.07 ) ( P<0.05) .After iron deposition, GAPDH transferred from the cytoplasm to the nuclei of the PC12 cells and nuclear accumulation was observed. Conclusion Iron deposition increases the apoptosis of PC12 cells, which may be related to the up-regulated expression of GAPDH in the nuclei.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders is a common functional disease without organic pathologic changes, mainly including functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation.As the dissatisfaction, side effects and recurrence with drug treatment, transcutaneous electrical stimulation has taken an important role in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in recent years.This article reviewed the progress of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in treatment of functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation.

BACKGROUND:Existing studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s can significantly improve islet function in diabetic rats to decrease excessively high blood glucose level, which may be related to the enhancement of differentiation ability of autologou pancreatic stem cel s.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the therapeutic efficacy of basic fibroblast growth factor gene eukaryotic expression vector (PEGFP-C3-BFGF) transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s in diabetic rats.
METHODS:Recombinant adenovirus (Ad.aFGF) mediated PEGFP-C3-BFGF was transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s, and PEGFP-C3-BFGF expression was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, diabetes group, transplantation group, gene transfection group, with 20 rats in each group. After modeling, rats in different groups were given portal vein injection of normal saline, PBS, 1 mL of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel suspension, and 1 mL of PEGFP-C3-BFGF-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel suspension. RT-PCR method was used to detect mRNA expression of matrix metal oproteinases in pancreatic tissue of rats in each group. Blood glucose levels of rats were detected at 24 hours, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after transplantation. ELISA method was used to detect plasma insulin levels in rats. Pathological changes of the pancreas were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Under the fluorescence microscope, PEGFP-C3-BFGF transfected into cel s after 48 hours showed significant specific red fluorescence. Two weeks after transplantation, matrix metal oproteinases mRNA expression was significantly increased in the diabetes group compared with the control group (P<0.05), while it was decreased in the transplantation and gene transfection groups compared with the diabetes group (P<0.05). After transplantation, the blood glucose levels in rats were ranked as fol ows:control groupgene transfection group>transplantation group>diabetes group (P<0.05). Pathological findings of the pancreas showed that the transplantation group was superior to the diabetes group, but inferior to the gene transfection group that was similar to the control group. Al these findings indicate that PEGFP-C3-BFGF-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel transplantation can improve blood glucose levels and stimulate insulin secretion in diabetic rats, which may improve the severity of diabetes mel itus by decreasing the mRNA expression of matrix metal oproteinases.

Objective: To investigate the impact of clopidogrel or aspirin resistance on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to explore the application value of thromboelastogram (TEG) in antiplatelet therapy. Methods: A total of 177 ACS patients admitted in our hospital from 2012-09 to 2014-12 were enrolled. The patients were at the mean age of (70.4±10.7) years, all of them received TEG and coagulation function test. Based on the reaction of antiplatelet therapy, they were divided into 2 groups: Non-resistance group,n=98 and Resistance group,n=70, which was further divided into 2 subgroups as Maintenance dose subgroup,n=39 and Increased dose subgroup,n=40. The patients were followed-up for 3 months to observe MACE occurrence including cardiovascular death, angina recurrence, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute thrombosis and hemorrhage. Results: In Resistance group, there were 50/79 (63.3%) patients with aspirin resistance and 29 (36.7%) with clopidogrel resistance. Compared with Non-resistance group, Resistance group showed decreased coagulation time, clot formation time, TEG reducing rate after 30 minutes maximum amplitude (LY30), activated partial thrombin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and international normalized ratio (INR), allP<0.05; while increased levels angle, maximum amplitude of TEG, coagulationindex, ifbrinogen and D-dimer, allP<0.05. Compared with Non-resistance group, Resistance group had the higher MACE rate 21.5% vs 7.1%,P<0.05; in addition, Increased dose subgroup had the lower MACE rate than Maintenance dose subgroup 17.5 vs 25.6%,P<0.05. Conclusion: Clopidogrel or aspirin resistance had the higher incidence of MACE in elder ACS patients; TEG was helpful for guiding antiplatelet therapy and reducing MACE incidence.

Objective:To test the reliability of BMDC-NPTB-CR. Method: 182 elderlies were tested with the BMDC-NPTB-CR. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the scale were calculated. Result:70% of the items in BMDC-NPTB-CR were moderate in difficulty. The correlation between total score and subscores were in 0.50～0.88(P

Objective　To discuss the long-term curative effect of botulinum toxin A(BTXA) for treating spasm of eyelid and facial muscle.Methods　Ninty-two patients with spasm of eyelid and facial muscle were treated with BTXA and observed for a long term.Results　After being injected with BTXA for 1～4 days, the spasm relieved gradually. Sixteen weeks later, the spasm symptoms relapsed. The relapse began mostly from eyelid spasm. The facial spasm's relief time was longer. lt might be up to 24 weeks. After injection, the patients had some slight complications of facial expression numb, ptosis and fissura palpebrae. The above complication symptoms recovered by themselves after two weeks. Conclusion　The curative effect of BTXA on treating spasm of eyelid and facial muscle is reliable.

Training ability and level of trauma management skills have an straight influence on the results of pre-hospital care and treatment of casualties, and thus are very important to save the life of the wounded and to reduce the mutilation rate. The adoption of a teaching module employing a human analogue significantly improves first aid training level, which can help the students master trauma management skills and gain self-confidences. The application of virtual realty technique and human analogue to such first-aid training is reviewed as the training for dressing, hemostasis, fracture fixation, casualty transport, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and urgent airway management.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and the mechanism of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase Ⅰ type (HSV 1\|tk) and Ganciclovir(GCV) in animal model of human glioma. Methods We demonstrated that tk gene was stably integrated into the genome of retrovirus vector producing cell line pN 2A\|tk/VPC(VPC) by Southern blot hybridization; then we established the nude mice model of glioma by inoculating the VPC and the human glioma cells DBTRG\|05MG(05MG) at 1∶1,1∶4 ratios respectively(only inoculated 05MG cells as control group), then GCV treatment was administrated i.p.,30mg/(kg\5d), twice daily for 14 days. A week later, the nude mice were sacrificed and the pathological sections of tumor tissues were observed by light microscopy. Results The tumor mass of 1∶1 group decreased remarkably compared with 1∶4 group or control group respectively ( P

Pancreatic cancer was one of common malignant tumors of the digestive tract, early diagnosis of which was difficult and surgical resection rate was low. The prognosis was poor, and its incidence increased year by year. Conventional treatment of pancreatic cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but 90％ of the patients had lost the surgical opportunity when they see a doctor, and not sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Relative to these traditional treatments, gene therapy is an innovative approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and had attracted wide attention in recent years. Many gene therapy drugs for pancreatic cancer had now entered Ⅰ / Ⅱ clinical trials. The gene therapy techniques for pancreatic cancer included antisense gene therapy, suicide gene therapy, immune gene therapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. In this article, we reviewed recent advances in gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.