PURPOSE: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is an uncommon pathologic condition that is commonly diagnosed by scrotal ultrasonography. Indirect evidence suggests that this syndrome may be associated with an increased risk of testicular malignancy and infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,439 patients undergoing scrotal ultrasound during a 6-year, 5-month period (January 2003 to May 2009) were retrospectively reviewed. Any possible association of TM with pathologic findings was assessed. Among patients with TM, further grading of TM with testicular cancer and semen analysis of the infertile group with TM were also performed. RESULTS: TM was diagnosed in 87 patients (6.0%) out of a total of 1,439. Of all established pathologic entities, only testicular malignancy and infertility were meaningfully associated with TM. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of testicular cancer between each grade. Seminal profiles (sperm count, motility, morphology, and white blood cell count) were not found to be statistically different between infertile men with and without TM. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of TM in symptomatic men was found to be 6.0% with significant co-occurrence of TM, testicular cancer, and infertility. Further grading of TM does not seem to be essential with regard to the detection of patients with testicular cancer and TM. TM showed no significant effect on the seminal profiles of infertile men.
Calculi ; Humans ; Infertility ; Leukocytes ; Male ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Semen Analysis ; Testicular Diseases ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Testis

PURPOSE: The object of our study was to examine the clinical significance of pediatric testicular microlithiasis (TM) as it relates to testicular cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven boys in whom TM was incidentally detected were followed for a mean of 51+/-44 months (range: 9-119 months) for testicular cancer surveillance. The average patient age at the initial diagnosis was 9.8+/-2.5 years. The frequency of coincidental TM detected on scrotal ultrasonography performed for all clinical purposes at our institution between January 1997 and January 2008 was investigated. Eighty-two testicular cancer patients and 1,006 noncancer patients underwent ultrasonography between 1997 and 2006, and these patients were divided into two age groups (children, age <15 years; adults, age > or =15 years) for purposes of analysis. RESULTS: Of the seven patients followed solely for TM, none developed testicular cancer during the surveillance period. Coincidental TM seen on scrotal ultrasonography was significantly higher in the testicular cancer patients than in the noncancer controls (11% (9/82) vs. 3.5% (36/1,006), p <0.0001). According to the age groups, TM was found in 6% and 5.8% of the testicular cancer patients and the noncancer controls, respectively, in the children's group, whereas in the adult group, 11.6% and 3.3% of the patients in the respective groups were found to have TM. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of testicular cancer development in children with incidentally detected TM was very low, and the incidence of coincidental TM in children with testicular cancer did not differ from that in the noncancer control patients. However, the significantly higher incidence of TM accompanying testicular cancer after puberty may suggest an association of the two pathologies, which would then mandate cancer surveillance in cases of incidentally detected TM in this age group.
Adult ; Calculi ; Child ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lithiasis ; Pediatrics ; Puberty ; Testicular Diseases ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Testis

Researches on the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) have flourished in the recent decade, and a widely accepted view on its pathogenesis is that environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) act on Leydig cells and/or testicular Sertoli cells, resulting in abnormal development of the testis and leading to the symptoms of TDS. Molecular biological studies suggest a correlation of TDS etiology with insulin-like factor 3 (INSL-3), androgen receptor (AR), P27kip, WT-1 and Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS). This review focuses on the progress in current researches on the etiology and mechanism of TDS.
Cryptorchidism ; Gonadal Dysgenesis ; etiology ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Testicular Diseases ; etiology ; genetics ; Testicular Neoplasms

Although involvement of the testis by a generalized malignant lymphoma is not infrequent, especially in the terminal stages of this disease, testicular involvement as a first manifestation of malignant lymphoma is uncommon, comprising 1 to 7 percent of testicular tumors and accounting for 25 to 50 percent of testicular tumors in men over 50 years of age. The prognosis of malignant lymphoma with first manifestation in the testis is generally poor, with progression to systemic lymphomatous involvement within 6 to 12 months, and reported 5-year survival rates ranging from 10 to 30 percent. Herein we report 2 cases of malignant lymphoma with first manifestation in the testis and review the literature.
Humans ; Lymphoma* ; Male ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Testicular Diseases ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Testis*

OBJECTIVETo study the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of transverse testicular ectopia (TTE).

METHODSA case of TTE was treated with orchidopexy.

RESULTSSix months after the operation, both of the two testes were in proper positions with normal vascular supply.

CONCLUSIONTTE is a rare congenital abnormality of the male reproductive system with unknown etiology, and surgical correction remains the best option for treatment.

Child ; Humans ; Male ; Testicular Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Testis ; abnormalities

A clinical observation was made on the disease of pediatric urology in the Department of Urology, Hanyang University Hospital during the period from May, 1972 to April, 1976. The results are as follows: 1) Of 658 cases hospitalized, 111 cases were pediatric urologic patient giving a rate of 16.9%. 2) The most common disease was genitourinary anomaly a ratio of 44. 1%. The hydrocele was 18. 9% genitourinary tumor 9.0%, injury 8.1%, urinary lithiasis 1.8%, and others. 3) The most common involved organ was in urethra giving a ratio of 27. 8%, penile disease 17.4%, testicular disease 16.5%, and renal disease 13.0 %. 4) Of 111 cases, 102 operations were performed in 101 cases. The most common operation was hydrocelectomy in 21 cases. Chordectomy was performed in 19 cases, circumcision in 17 cases, urethroplasty in 13 cases, and orchiopexy in 10 cases.
Circumcision, Male ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Orchiopexy ; Pediatrics ; Penile Diseases ; Testicular Diseases ; Urethra ; Urolithiasis ; Urology*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical significance and diagnosis of testicular microlithiasis (TM).

METHODSWe reported 2 cases of TM, reviewed the relevant published literature and analyzed the clinical significance of the condition.

RESULTSUltrasonographic (US) scanning of the scrotal revealed multiple small calcifications diffusely scattered throughout the testicular parenchyma with rare pinpoint-like 1-2 mm shadows but without acoustic ones, which were diagnosed by scrotal sonography as right limited TM and classic TM accompanied with left varicocele and epididymitis. The testicular tumor markers of AFP, hCG, LDH and testosterone were shown to be normal, so that no intervention was performed for TM. During the 6-8 months follow-up, no abnormality was found in physical examinations and testicular tumor markers, and no characteristic additive change was revealed by testicular ultrasound.

CONCLUSIONTM is a rare, usually asymptomatic and non-progressive abnormality, usually detected incidentally during the ultrasound examination of the testis. Though it is still controversial whether TM should be regarded as a premalignant lesion or not, regular follow-up and routine ultrasound examination are quite necessary for TM patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Calculi ; diagnostic imaging ; Genital Diseases, Male ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Scrotum ; diagnostic imaging ; Testicular Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Testicular Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography

A clinical observation was made on the diseases of pediatric urology in the Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital during the period from January, 1965 to August, 1972. The results are as follows. 1) Of 2,174 cases hospitalized, 164 cases were pediatric urologic patient giving a rate of 7.1%. 2) The most common disease was geuitourinary anomaly giving a ratio of 51.9%. The genitourinary tumor was 11.7%, hydrocele 9.1%, G-U injury 8.4%. urinary lithiasis 5.8% and tuberculosis 3. 9%. 3) The most common involved organ was in urethra giving a ratio of 40.2%. Testicular disease was 28. 3%, renal disease 14.4%, penile disease 5. 6%. bladder disease 4.4%. 4) The most common symptoms and signs was abnormal position of urethral meatus in 38 cases. Bladder irritating symptoms were in 26 cases, scrotal swelling and absence of scrotal content in 25 cases respectively and hematuria 22 cases. 5) Of 154 cases, 120 operations were performed in 117 cases. The most common operation was chordectomy in 30 cases. Orchiopexy was performed in 20 cases, nephrectomy in 14 cases, and second stage of Denis browne operation in 8 cases.
Hematuria ; Humans ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Orchiopexy ; Penile Diseases ; Seoul ; Testicular Diseases ; Tuberculosis ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Diseases ; Urolithiasis ; Urology*

PURPOSE: Various causes may be the etiology of gynecomastia. We investigated the levels of serum estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), ratio of E2 to T (E2/T) as well as associated diseases, drugs as the cause of gynecomastia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: E2, T, E2/T in 37 patients from gynecomastia patients (GP) and 10 healthy men were measured, and the associated diseases and drugs in 68 GP were also evaluated. Ultrasound for the adrenal gland diseases, physical examination or ultrasound for the testicular pathology were performed. RESULTS: The cause of gynecomastia varied according to the age. The levels of E2, T, E2/T in control group (CG) were 35.3 3.9 pg/ml, 5.0 0.4 ng/ml, 7.1 0.5. Those in GP were 48.7 7.1 pg/ml, 4.3 0.3 ng/ml, 12.0 1.8, respectively. The difference of E2/T as well as E, T between CG and GP was not significant. Various associated diseases or drugs were found in GP. Adrenal diseases or testicular cancer were not found in GP. CONCLUSIONS: The difference of E2/T between CG and GP is not the only cause of gynecomastia. Thus, the consideration of the age as well as associated diseases or drugs will be helpful for the better understanding of high E2/T as the cause of gynecomastia
Adrenal Gland Diseases ; Estradiol ; Gynecomastia* ; Humans ; Male ; Pathology ; Physical Examination ; Testicular Neoplasms ; Testosterone ; Ultrasonography

Humans ; Immunoglobulin D ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; classification ; complications ; Testicular Diseases ; etiology