A 67-year-old man was admitted to our emergency room with strong chest and stomach pain. Electrocardiography and echocardiography revealed myocardial infarction of the anterolateral wall and cardiac tamponade. To investigate the cause of cardiac tamponade, we recommended 16-slice-non-gated MDCT. However, this revealed no aortic dissection, but did show loss of contrast in the anterior apex myocardial wall, diffuse stenosis of the LAD (left anterior descending artery ; Seg.7) and occlusion of D2 (second diagonal branch). A definitive diagnosis of blow-out type free wall rupture of the left ventricle was obtained. In the operating room, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) developed, so median sternotomy was immediately performed and bleeding from the anterolateral wall was found. After establishing extracorporeal circulation, surgical repair with a direct mattress suturing technique using felt-strips and CABG (SVG to #8) were performed. Complete hemostasis was achieved. The postoperative course was eventful : respiratory dysfunction due to deteriorating interstitial pneumonia developed. However, MDCT is a useful and non-invasive tool for the immediate detection of ventricular rupture and acute dissection of the ascending aorta, both of which may be the cause of cardiac tamponade.

The excellent long term-patency rates achieved using the internal thoracic arteries (ITAs) have expanded the variety of graft arrangements of these conduits for multivessel coronary revascularization. We encountered 2 patients who underwent multivessel coronary artery bypass, by using these terminal branches of the left ITA effectively. In both patients, LITAs were taken down using the skeletonization technique with a harmonic scalpel. One patient had 2 grafts using the off-pump technique with the Y-composite grafts constructed by the main LITA trunk and LITA terminal branch, which were anastomosed with the left anterior descending branch (LAD) and diagonal branch (D₁), respectively. The other patient had 6 grafts under on-pump cardiac arrest, including the natural LITA terminal branches which were anastomosed with the LAD and D₁. Postoperative multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) revealed excellent long-term patent grafts in both patients. In conclusion, the terminal branches of the ITA, if of suitable size and length, could be used effectively to construct a Y-anastomosis for the coronary arteries, when consideration for the size of the target coronaries and native-coronary blood flow competition.

This report describes the surgical technique for partial left ventriculectomy (PLV) and perioperative management. We have performed PLV to treat end-stage non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in 6 patients (4 men and 2 women, mean age: 59 years) since February 1998. Preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was III or more in all patients. On echocardiography, the mean left ventricular diastolic dimension was 75mm, and the mean ejection fraction was 29%. One patient was operated on with cardiogenic shock, and 5 were elective cases. A wedge of the left ventricular muscle was removed from the apex to the base of the two papillary muscles. Associated surgical procedures were as follows; mitral valve reconstruction in 5 patients (4 replacements and 1 annuloplasty), tricuspid annuloplasty in three, and aortic valve replacement in one. Five elective patients were successfully weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass, but one emergency surgery case required intraaortic balloon pumping. Two patients died in the hospital: one elective case was due to multiple organ failure, and one emergency case due to low output syndrome. Three of 4 survivors returned to NYHA functional class I-II, and 1 remained in class III. We are very cautious to ensure that extended PLV does not to lead to serious diastolic dysfunction. The complete reconstruction of the mitral valve and the preservation of annular-chordal-papillary muscle continuity result in the maintenance of left ventricular function and geometry. The practical principles in the post-PLV period are to maintain adequate preload and to avoid excessive afterload. Further studies are required to further enhance outcome.

It is a common notion that the right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA) tends to exhibit more hardening than the internal thoracic artery (ITA) and that it shows varied development among patients, since RGEAs are structurally rich in musculature. Therefore, a preoperative examination should be conducted to determine whether or not they are appropriate for grafting. In general, catheter-angiography is widely employed for such examinations. Our recent research on the availability of CT-angiography as an alternative has revealed that CT-angiography is a minimally-invasive, simple way of testing, and provides very clear and detailed angiographical pictures. We therefore concluded that it was a highly effective method in deciding the appropriateness of RGEA for graft.

We performed redo off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) through a left thoracotomy using a PAS·Port system for proximal vein graft anastomoses for a patient with symptomatic ischemia in the left circumflex system. A 60-year-old man underwent OPCAB (LITA-LAD, RA-4PD) 7 years previously. Coronary angiography revealed a remarkable lesion in the left circumflex system, but the left internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG) and the radial artery graft (RAG) were patent. OPCAB was performed through a left thoracotomy to avoid injury to the patent grafts. With the heart beating, a saphenous vein graft (SVG) was anastomosed sequentially from the descending aorta to the first and second obtuse marginary arteries. Avoiding descending aortic clamping, a proximal anastomosis was made using the PAS·Port system and the SVG was routed anterior to the pulmonary hilum. The postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged on the 22nd postoperative day. Cardiac CT showed patent SVG and adequate proximal anastomosis. In this case OPCAB through left thoracotomy was effective. The selection of the graft inflow source and bypass routes according to the individual patient is essential for the success of the procedure.

Malignant pericardial mesothelioma was successfully resected in a 70-year-old man, who had been admitted complaining of palpitation. Chest X-ray films showed slight cardiac enlargement. A moderate amount of pericardial effusion was noted by echocardiography. Chest X-ray commputed tomography and MRI revealed a localized pericardial tumor. Total excision of the tumor was accomplished through a left thoracotomy approach because the tumor showed neither invasion to the myocardium nor dissemination to the pericardium. The patient was discharged following an uneventful postoperative course. No sign of recurrence has been encountered for nine months after surgery. However careful observation is needed.

We report a case of total aortic arch replacement for ruptured aortic arch aneurysm in an oldest-old person. The patient was a 92-year-old woman with hypertension, who had normal daily activity. She consulted another hospital because of hemoptysis. A chest roentgen exam showed an outpouching of the first left arch. In our hospital, chest computed tomography revealed a saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm, 43mm in maximum diameter, which seemed to be the cause of hemoptysis. The patient and her family wanted to have operation. While waiting for the operation, she coughed up a large amount of blood and suffered respiratory failure, requiring a mechanical respirator. Two days later, in the operation room, she coughed up a large amount of blood again and suffered long term hypoxygenation. Though she underwent total aortic arch replacement, she developed septic shock with MRSA pneumonia. However, she was weaned from ventilatory support on the 24th postoperative day. On the 86th postoperative day, ambulatory was possible. She had no ischemic cerebral damage. In extensively elderly patients, careful attention must be paid to decide an the indications for highly invasive surgery such as total aortic arch replacement.

Primary cardiac tumors are rare. Myxoma is the most common type of benign cardiac tumor and papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) is the second most common. We report a case of coexisting left atrial myxoma and aortic valve PFE. A 77-year-old Japanese woman with a left atrial mass was referred to our hospital for further diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment. The mass was detected by coronary computed tomography, which was performed by her general practitioner. Investigation with an echocardiogram revealed a mass on the fossa ovalis, extending into the left atrium. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed another mass attached between the left coronary cusp (LCC) and the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve. After cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest, we performed an aortotomy, and observed the aortic valve. We found a mobile mass on the LCC and resected it. After left atriotomy, a left atrial myxoma was identified and resected, together with its margin. Postoperatively, sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses, and atrial fibrillation tachycardia were identified. Therefore, we implanted a permanent pacemaker on the 29th postoperative day. The patient was discharged on the 38th postoperative day. Simultaneous existence of two different primary cardiac tumors is rare. We believe that preoperative and intraoperative TEE in patients with cardiac tumors is important.

We report 2 patients with unilateral pulmonary edema after heart surgery who were successfully treated using venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO). Case 1 : A 35-year-old woman presented with dyspnea. Echocardiography showed severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and therefore, mitral valve plasty (MVP) and tricuspid annular plasty (TAP) were performed via right thoracotomy. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, respiratory failure occurred with expectoration of foamy sputum and it was difficult to maintain oxygenation. Therefore, we performed VV ECMO to maintain oxygenation. A chest X-ray film after surgery showed ipsilateral pulmonary edema. After weaning from VV ECMO, deep venous thrombosis occurred and therefore we inserted an IVC filter. Case 2 : A 67-year-old man, who had previously received aortic valve replacement experienced dyspnea and visited our hospital. Echocardiography showed an aortic root abscess, and therefore Bentall operation was performed. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, oxygenation was difficult to maintain, and therefore we performed VV ECMO. A chest X-ray film post operatively showed right ipsilateral pulmonary edema. The patient was weaned from VV ECMO 5 days post operatively and was discharged 60 days post operatively. We believe that VV ECMO can be beneficial for patients with respiratory failure after heart surgery, but complications related to this approach such as DVT should also be considered.