OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for building harmonious pharmacist-patient relationship and standardizing the legal responsibility induced by drug injury events.METHODS:The related concepts such as the drug injury events and adverse drug reactions were compared and defined;the legal nature of the drug injury events was clarified and the legal responsibility arose from the drug injury events was analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Drug injury events as a legal fact can result in the emergence,change and elimination of the civil legal relationship between pharmacists and patients.The legal responsibility arose from the drug injury events include tort liability,administrative liability and criminal liability.

0.05). Conclusion: The IQ of children with epilepsy is lower than that of normal children .The epilepsy could impact the intelligence of children.

Objective To test the validity of the stress-cognition vulnerability-model of depression in Chinese undergraduates.Methods 647 undergraduate students finished the Chinese version of 6 scales in time one.Cognitive Style Questionnaire(CSQ),Response Styles Questionnaire(RSQ-SF),Self-Esteem Questionnaire(SEQ),Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale(DAS),General Social and Academic Hassles Scale for Students(GSASHS),Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-DA)follow-up assessment in 1 month later,the General Social and Academic Hassles Scale for Students(GSASHS)scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)scale were completed.Then,vulnerability factors for depression symptoms were used to predict depression symptoms by Multiple Hierarchical Regression(MHR).Path analysis and structural equation model(SEM)were used to explore integrated vulnerability-stress model of depression in Chinese undergraduates.Results Vulnerability-stress interaction was entered into regression equation.The results showed that the vulnerability-stress interaction provided incremental predictive validity to depressive.Symptoms path analysis showed that negative cognition→rumination→depression was a important pathways to cause depression(β=-0.31,P<0.01).The structural equation model for integrated vulnerability-stress model of depression analysis indicated the fit index:GFI =0.95,CFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,RMSEA=0.085.Conclusion A cognition vulnerability-stress medels of depression in Chinese undergraduates was provided and to be confirmed.The rumination was a important mediated variable.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships of electrophysiological characteristics between speech evoked auditory brainstem response (s-ABR) and auditory mismatch negativity (MMN), so as to provide more clues for the mechanism of speech cognitive behavior. METHOD: Thirty-three ears in 33 normal hearing adults were included in this study. Their s-ABR were recorded with speech syllables /da/ at 80 dB HL intensity. Meanwhile, two MMNs were recorded with 1 kHz frequency deviant extent and 40 dB intensity deviant extent in them. The electrophysiological characteristics of s-ABRs and MMNs, as well as the relationships of MMN latencies between s-ABR parameters including latencies in time domain, fundamental frequency(F0) and first formants(F1) in frequency domain were analyzed statistically. RESULT: MMN latency of frequency deviance showed a negative correlation tendency with s-ABR transient components, and it showed a positive trend with sustained components of s-ABR. While MMN latency of intensity deviance showed a positive correlation with s-ABR latency of peak V, A and D respectively, and it negatively showed a correlation with s-ABR latency of other peak s and amplitude of F0 and FI respectively. Only the s-ABR latency of peak F and MMN latency of frequency deviance, and the F0 amplitude of s-ABR and MMN latency of intensity deviance were moderate correlation statistically. CONCLUSION It was probably the neurons of frequency deviant MMN unmatched the characteristics of frequency with the neurons of s-ABR transient component, but well matched the characteristics of frequency with the neurons of s-ABR sustained component. Similarly, the neurons of intensity deviant MMN probably matched the characteristics of intensity with neurons of different components of s-ABR or not. These results may formed as a valuable clue for further investigation of speech perception and temporal processing abilities.
Acoustic Stimulation ; Adult ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Humans ; Speech ; Speech Perception

Objective To discussion of secondary intussusception in children based on ultrasound image,and the diagnosis and the therapeutic value.Methods 23 cases of secondary intussusception in children by the ultrasound image were reviewed and pathogeny analyzed.Results Within this 23 cases of secondary intussusception in children:8 cases in 23 cases were caused by Meckel di-verticulum,4 cases were caused by juvenile polyps,4 cases were caused by intestinal duplication,3 cases were caused by intestinal lymphoma,2 were caused by appendicitis,and 2 cases were caused by intestinal adhesion.And 23 cases of them were all detected by ultrasound at the very first time.22 cases of 23 cases was operated by hydrostatic enema of ultrasonic monitoring treating intussusception successfully,and 1 failed.13 cases were confirmed as secondary intussusception after first enema (Meckel di-verticulum 6 cases,juvenile polyps 3 cases,intestinal duplication 2 cases,intestinal lymphoma 1,and appendicitis 1 cases).9 cases were operated by hydrostatic enema of ultrasonic monitoring treating intussusception again when palindromia happened,which were confirmed as secondary intussusception (Meckel di-verticulum 2 cases,juvenile polyps 1 cases,intestinal duplication 2 cases,intestinal lymphoma 2 cases,appendicitis 1 cases,and intestinal adhesion 1 cases).Conclusion Meckel di-verticulum,juvenile polyps and intestinal duplication are the most common pathologic lead points caused the secondary intussusception in children.The diagnosis of ultrasound is sensitive to children secondary intussusception,and hydrostatic enema of ultrasonic monitoring treating intussusception can be operated under ultrasonic monitoring,which has an even better result than air enema under X-ray.The situation of bowel,which is full of 0.9％ sodium chloride solution,gives operators a good effect of visual to find pathologic lead points.And that really helps to provide valuable image in accordance with clinical surgery therapy of secondary intussusception.

Objectives To investigate the clinical feature, diagnosis and surgical treatment for macular corneal dystrophy. Design Retrospective case series. Participants 18 patients(36 eyes)with macular corneal dystrophy. Methods The clinical data of patients were studied, including history, visual acuity, slit lamp microscopy, surgical method and follow-up. Main Outcome Measures Slit-lamp microscopic images of corneal dystrophy and graft. Results The patients with macular corneal dystrophy experienced progressive loss of vision. With slit lamp microscope, opacities were observed in the entire thickness of the stroma. Irregular grey-white nodules were noted in the central superficial stroma and peripherial deep stroma. Penetrating keratoplasties were performed in 14 cases (18 eyes). The follow-up was 6-112 months. At the last follow-up, all the grafts were clear. Conclusion Macular corneal dystrophy has typical clinical features. The diagnosis is mainly based on typical clinical manifestations. Penetrating keratoplasty is an effective approach for the treatment of patients with severe macular corneal dystrophy. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2006, 15:169-172 )

Objective To study the mechanism by which a high-intensity pulsed electromagnetic field (HIPEMF) (0.1 Hz,4 T,8 pulses) facilitates the proliferation of neural stem cells by detecting the expression of β-catenin genes and protein.Methods Neural stem cells (NSCs) were isolated from the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of neonatal rats and cultured in supplemented,serum-free medium for two weeks.The NSCs were then divided into an experimental group exposed to a HIPEMF for 8 pulses and a control group given sham stimulation.The gene and prorein expression of β-catenin in the NSCs were assayed by RT-PCR and Western blotting on the 1st,3rd,5th and 7th day after the stimulation.Results The NSCs' cloned spheres were round and translucent,and showed red fluorescence after staining with anti-nestin (cy3).The RT-PCR results showed β-catenin genes were highly expressed in the exposed group (significantly more than in the controls).The Western blotting showed that expression of β-catenin protein was also higher in the experimental group,especially at the 7th day after stimulation,a difference which was also statistically significant Conclusion HIPEMF at 0.1 Hz,4 T,in 8 pulse trains can promote NSC proliferation,perhaps through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Objective To investigate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)gene in rat cerebral cortex neurons under hypoxia conditions,and provide more experimental basis for clinical treatment of hypoxic brain disease.Methods The rat cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture and hypoxia model were prepared and identified by immunocytochemistry analysis.The expression of HIF-1α in normal and hypoxic neurons was detected at 4 time points (12 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h) by immunohistochemical analysis.Results The expression of HIF-1α positive cells in normal control (NC) group was less at each time point,and it showed no statistically significant within groups.The weak expression of HIF-1α was found at 12 h in hypoxic group,and the expression augmented along with the time extended,it increased obviously at 24 h,reached the peak at 48 h(IOD＝0.27±0.02,F＝35.703,t＝11.795,P＜0.01),and declined until 72 h,it showed statistical significance between two groups at each time point.Conclusions The expression of HIF-1α is increased after hypoxia.HIF-1α has a protective effect on neurons after hypoxia.

Objective: To study the diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism.Methods: The clinical data of 8 primary hyperparathyroidism patients(1992 2002) in our hospital were summarized and the references were reviewed.Results: It was found that primary hyperparathyroidism was liable to be misdiagnosed.Information on blood calcium,parathyroid hormone(PTH) and imaging may be helpful for diagnosis. Surgical resection(4 cases), anhydrous alcohol injection (2 cases), electron radiation (1 case) and internal medicine (1 case) were applied. Conclusion:Information on blood calcium,PTH and early imaging is helpful for diagnosis.Operation is the first choice of treatment, and for patients who can not tolerate surgery, anhydrous alcohol injection is an effective and safe treatment.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the intraoperative neuromonitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) during Micooli's endoscopic thyroidectomy in order to avoid nerve injury.MethodsIn this study,36 patients with 56 nerves at risk were enrolled from February 2011 to September 2011.A positive signal is determined by observing contractions of the cricothyroid muscle to locate the EBSLN.The relationship between EBSLN and the upper pole of the thyroid or the inferior constrictor muscle was studied.The VHI-10 table was used for evaluation pre- and postoperatively. ResultsAll 56 nerves were located successfully,26 nerves(46.4％ ) crossed the superior thyroid artery more than 1 cm apart from the upper pole of the thyroid gland,while the other 30 nerves(53.6％ ) did less than 1 cm.In cases where the diameter was longer than 5 cm,the nerves crossed the artery at less than 1.0 cm from the upper pole in 73％ cases(P =0.006).There was no significant difference between VHI-10 results before and after surgery (P ＞ 0.05). ConclusionsIntraoperative neuromonitoring is useful and helpful in avoiding nerve injury by locating EBSLN.