Amino acids (AA) as substrates of gluconeogenesis could promote endogenous glucose production.Some AA can enhance insulin secretion. Recently,many studies have found that some AA can also activate mammalian target of rapamycin-S6 kinase 1 ( mTOR-S6K1 ) pathway,resulting in maintaining pancreatic β cell function on one hand,and on the other hand,inhibiting insulin signal transduction of insulin-sensitive cells and thus causing insulin resistance.

Objective To introduce the important anti-bioterrorism exercises in some countries and to find out what we can learn from those exercises, then to service our country on the preparation of anti-bioterrorism exercise. Methods The introductions and reports concerning anti-bioterrorism exercises in some countries were searched from internet and papers, then the data were analyzed and summarized, some commonness were drown out. Results Some developed countries pay attention to anti-bioterrorism exercise. Some problems and countermoves can be found by those exercises. Conclusions Our country is also facing the threat of bioterrorism. Improving the biodefence ability is a challenge to our country. Our country has done some exercise, but biodefence exercise is few. Our country needs to develop some anti-bioterrorism measures in which we need focus on: decision-making process, cooperation, international collaboration, communication, disease control and prevention, medical treatment, drug and vaccine preparation.

Electret filtration material is a kind of promising new air filtration material due to the advantages of high filtration efficiency,low flow resistance,power saving and anti-bacteria.In the paper the concept of electret,primary raw material of electret filtration material,the characteristics of electret filter material,charging method to make electret and the influence of charging technology on the charge storage characteristic of electret filter material were introduced,the application of electret filtration material on air purification was described also.

To summarize the operative technique and the clinical value of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer,a literature review was made on SLNB. The conclusion is as follows:(1)As compared with blue dye or radioactive tracer, combining the two techniques can increase the positive detection rate and decrease the false-negative rate of the sentinel lymph nodes .(2) Pathological examination by serial sectioning, IHC or RT-PCR increases the detection rate of micrometastases, which is helpful for the accurate clinical staging of auxillary lymph nodes. (3)SLNB is a simple procedure with minimal morbidity and highly predictive value of the status of auxillary lymph nodes.It has emerged as a potential substitute for the routine auxillary lymph node dissection.

Neural stem cells are a study hot spot in neurobiological science and neurosurgery in the near future. The transplantation of neural stem cells already became a new way which be used for treating the injury and degenerative disease in the nervous system, because of the self-renewal and cell differentiation bionomics. However, how to get massive neural stem cells, which can be used in animal experiment and clinical application, has constrainted the development of stem cell technique.This article introduced the harvesting methods of embryonic stem cells, adult neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, in order to lead cellular transplant treatment into clinical treatment plan by a safe and effective mode.

Endotoxemia is due to the infection of bacteria or lesions which release a lot of toxins into the blood,or the infusing of large amount of endotoxin-contaminated liquid.It can cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome,sepsis,or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Endotoxemia is a common and complex problem in modern emergency medicine.Early diagnosis and timely blocking not only can prevent further infection but also plays a positive role in the prevention and treatment of sepsis and its complications.In recent years,progresses have been made in the treatments of endotoxemia by hemoporfusion.The direct adsorption of endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines in blood can quickly reduce their concentration.This can not only weaken their own activity but also inhibit the release of other harmful cytokines,so as to improve the symptoms of infection.So far,the specific hishaffinity adsorbents having the clinical value are still at the exploratory stage.Although these materials were found effective in the treatments of endotoxemia,in-depth study need to be carried out on their clinical criteria in order to acquiremore satisfied results.

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance ; Endosonography ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Neoplasm Staging ; Pancreatectomy ; methods ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods

The changes of morphology, ATP and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity as well as the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity of rabbit aortic endothelial cells under hyperoxia (100% O_2) for 0-72 hours were studied. We found that cellular morphological changes including swelling, shape variation after hyperoxia were time-dependent; after a temporarily increasing (24hr)(P

OBJECTIVE: To give advices on the reform of China′s modified new drug policy and implement the design of chemical drug registration classification. METHODS: This paper provides an overview of the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway with a focus on how modified new drug applications can be submitted. This paper also analyzes the key characteristics among the innovative drug, modified new drug and generic drug registration. This paper compares these key points with China′s new drug registration system and proposes the road to reform. RESULTS: The policy promotes the R&D of the modified new drugs and the development of the pharmaceutical industry. Sponsors can use existing public data in lieu of conducting studies and focus on product innovation. Features are quite different among these three applications in the registration system. The property rights of the modified products are clearly defined. CONCLUSION: It′s necessary for China to legislate regulations of modified new drug. The policy is positioned to promote clinical improvement, reduces duplication of research and improves property rights protection.

Objective Investigate the risk factors that leading to the progression of the mild traumatic brain injury and the treatment methods.Methods To conduct 68 cases of patients suffering from mild head injury,investigate the risk factors that leading to the progression of the disease,and according to the retrospective to be analyzed.Results The 68 cases of patients suffering from mild head injury,after aggressive and effective treatment,achieved the desired effect.Conclusion Take the reasonable methods to treat patients suffering from mild head injury,observed the changes of disease carefully and closely,check the head CT early,timely and regularly,adjustment the treatment programs timely,could save lives that patients with delayed bleeding or cerebral edema in the brain.