Defibrillator is the most important therapeutic for ventricular fibrillation.The preconditions for successful defibrillation include short defibrillated time,adoption of biphasic wave,appropriate electrode placement and shocked energy,as well as reasonable chest wall impedance.The defibrillation opportunity is the critical one of all factors for defibrillation.

To appraise the preventive and improvable effects of different movements on OA joints,animal models by fixing the left posterior knee joint in extention using plaster cast for 8 weeks in Newzealand rabbits were carried out. The rabbits were randomly divided into different groups, and the X-RAY、range of motion and ligament biomechanical features of the joint were observed.The results showed that proper movement improved the range of motion, restored tensile strength of the ligament around the OA joint.It is evident that movement improves the function of the OA joint and delays the OA exacerbation.The combination of active and passive movement is the best way to achieve good result.

The division of specialists and general practitioners is the important of the establishment of a GP system. According to the theory of labor division, the study analyzes the evolution mechanism on the division of spe-cialists and general practitioners and discusses the main factors influencing the division in China. It is found that transaction costs of general practices are not much lower than that of specialist medical care, which encourages outpa-tients to visit specialists in hospitals. Additionally, transaction costs of referral are much higher than profits. There-fore, while there is no division of specialists and general practitioners, it has been difficult to address competition between them and the quality and the efficiency of general practice care in community health centers. Moreover, the income gap does not attract medical students to work in general practices, which has worsened the quality and effi-ciency of general practices. Finally, the transaction costs of general practices have continually increased. This vicious cycle has hindered the division of specialists and general practitioners in China.

Objective To evaluate the effects of mechanical stretch preconditioning on pathological stretch-induced damage to type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells.Methods A549 cells cultured in vitro were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =5 each)using a random number table:control group (Ⅰ group),pathological stretch group (Ⅱ group) and different time mechanical stretch preconditioning + pathological stretch group (group Ⅲ-Ⅵ).A549 cells were exposed to 20％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 6 h in Ⅱ group.In Ⅲ-Ⅵ groups,A549 cells were exposed to 5％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 15,30,60 and 120 min,respectively,and then exposed to 20％ cyclic stretch at 0.3 Hz for 6 h.After the end of pathological stretch,the apoptosis in cells was detected using flow cytometry and was calculated.F-actin expression was determined using flow cytometry.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the apoptosis rate was significantly increased,and the expression of F-actin was up-regulated in Ⅱ group.Compared with group Ⅱ,the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in groups Ⅳ-Ⅵ,and the expression of F-actin was up-regulated in groups Ⅴ and Ⅵ.Conclusion Preconditioning with mechanical stretch (30-120 min) can mitigate pathological stretch-induced damage to type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells.

Thirty cases of obesity were treated by acupuncture plus auricular point-embedding method based upon pattern identification, and another 30 cases were treated by single auricular point-embedding method for control study. After the treatments for 30 days, the effective rate was respectively 90.0% and 66.7%, with the statistic significance (P＜0. 05) between the therapeutic effects of the two groups.

The biological threat is an important component of national security threats .Developed countries attach great importance to biodefense capability building .This paper analyzed the particularity of biological threats , explained the necessi-ty of biosecurity strategic research and development in China , and proposed establishing an integrated biodefense system .

Objective To investigate the causes and treatment of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury during the operation of thyroidectomy. MethodsClinical data of 48 patients that RLN were injured during thyroidectomy in and out of our hospital from Jun. 2003 to Mar. 2007 were reviewed. ResultsNo patient died while operation and staying in hospital. There were 47 cases of unilateral RLN injury, 1 case of bilateral RLN injury; 21 cases (43.7%) were injured because of suture or scar adhesion, 13 cases (27.1%) were partly broken with formed scar, 14 cases (29.2%) were completely cut off; The locations of RLN injuries were closely adjacent to the crossing of the inferior thyroid artery and RLN in 13 cases (27.1%) and 35 cases (72.9%) were within 2 cm below the point of RLN entering into throat. The injured RLN were repaired surgically in 43 cases, among which 39 cases’ phonation and vocal cord movement were restored completely or had their vocal cord movement recovered partly; There were only 4 cases that the phonation and vocal cord movement were not recovered. Another 5 cases that did not take any repair did not recovered naturally. ConclusionThe location of most RLN injuries caused by mechanical injury during thyroid surgery is closely adjacent to the entrance of RLN into throat. Early nerve exploratory operation should be performed once the RLN is injured, and the method of repair should be decided according to concrete conditions of injury.

Extract Amyda sinensis raised the levels of Plasma proteins. Plasma albumin was raised from 2.67?0.44 to 3.25?0.34g/dl and the total Plasma protein from 5.34?0.88 to 6. 74 ?1. 38 /dl. 3H-TdR and .3H-Leucine incorporation techniques were used to measure the syntheses rate of DAN and protein .The rates was accelerated.The specifie activities of DNA and protein of liver got up to 3.90?1.41 from 2.42?0.71 dpm/?g, and 21.69?4.84 from 12.81 ?5.83 dpm/?g, respectively.Those of spleen got up to 41.88?18.47 from 19.04?10.54 dpm/?g and 23.12?4.38 from 16.34?7.01 d pm/?g, respectively. Extract Amyda sinensis had no effect on DNA synthesis of bone marrow cells and did not raise the hemoglobin level in mice. The results suggest that Extract Amyda sinensis has bioactive substance that accelcrate synthcses of DNA and protein.

Bone marrow stromal stem cells have been used in cartilage tissue engineering for nearly 20 years. This has been a key focus in stem cell research. This article serves to review application, progress and facing problems of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in cartilage tissue engineering by retrieving publications. With the development of molecular biology, biomaterial, computer and nano-biotechnology, tissue-engineered cartilage constructed with BMSCs as seed cells combined with biomaterial stent has a widely application perspective in repairing articular cartilage defect.

Type-B RAF (BRAF) gene is one of the most popular genes of thyroid carcinoma in recent studies,and its mutation has significant relationships with the occurrence,development,treatment,and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC).The influence of BRAFV600E mutation on the expression of iodine uptake relative proteins in PTC cells and the value of molecular targeted therapy with BRAFV600Einhibitors in the clinical treatment of PTC in the future were summarized in this review.