The questionnaire was adopted so as to investigate the attitudes and recognition of the manufacture eneprises of TCM diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation equipment (DTRE) to the technical standards of, relevant products. It was found that the construction of the industrial standard and the national standard was lagged behind on TCM DTRE. Under the new situation, the enterprises are highly willing to participate in the development of the industrial, national and international standards and have a certain of understanding on the standard development. Nearly 80 % of enterprises believed that it was necessary to set up the relevant mirror organization for the development of industrial, national and international standard of TCM DITRE. In the future, the standard construction of TCM DTRE must face to the new situation. The constant increasing of the enterprises. and scientific research organizations in the standard construction must promote the development of TCM DTRE.
Equipment and Supplies, Hospital ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; instrumentation ; standards ; Rehabilitation ; instrumentation ; standards

Electroacupuncture instruments as Chinese medicine treatment equipment clinically used most extensively play an important role in improving clinical effect of acupuncture treatment. Although the history of electroacupuncture instruments only has more than 60 years, the development of electroacupuncture equipment has experienced a very rich course. Especially in recentyears, the development of electroacupuncture instruments took on a new developing state. It is certain that thedevelopment of electroacupuncture instruments has entered a new era and the future developing speed and quality of electroacupuncture instruments will be significantly raised. By a review of the developing history of electroacupuncture equipmen, this article technically classifies electroacupuncture instruments and deeply analyzes some problems existent in the development of electroacupuncture instruments so as to propose more strict requirements for the future design of electroacupuncture instruments andsatisfy the demand of clinical acupuncture practice.

OBJECTIVE: To apply the real-time data collection and demonstration system for acupuncture manipulation to quantitative analysis of acupuncture manipulation for acupuncture teaching and research. METHODS: The real-time observation and analysis of parameter changes of acupuncture manipulation were implemented by this system. RESULTS: During the course of lifting and thrusting manipulation, the needle body moved in a uniform variable motion, and the action force was still kept while the arrival of Qi was achieved. During the course of twirling manipulation, the variations of twirling number and radian caused the changes of resistance moment, and this reaction was related to the body response. During the course of rotating and shaking manipulation, the radius for rotating and shaking was related to such factors as the force, the action point and the direction. CONCLUSION: The real-time data collection and demonstration system for acupuncture manipulation can provide a new experimental method for quantitative data analysis, standardized research and teaching demonstration of acupuncture.

Studying the industry standard of electroacupuncture therapy device (YY 0780-2010), collaborating with the clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, in view of academy and safety, the comments and suggestions are proposed on the content of the standard. The standard describes manipulation norms, terms and definitions, dianjizhen and the output energy of single pulse, etc. It is expected that these comments and suggestions can be taken in consideration in the revision of industry standard or the development of national standard so as to improve the scientific level and feasibility of the technique standard of electroacupuncture therapy device.
Cooperative Behavior ; Electroacupuncture ; instrumentation ; methods ; Equipment and Supplies ; standards ; Humans

In the review of the literature on the quantitative study of the needling techniques, the authors believe that modern scientific technology plays an important role in the quantitative study of the needling techniques, submit the research methods and channels of the quantitative study of the needling techniques under the current condition, foresee its development prospects and emphasize the significance of the quantitative study of the needling technique in the teaching, clinical service and research process of acupuncture.

MS96A type spectrum analyzer was applied to determine the spectral characteristic of near infrared radiated by moxa stick moxi-bustion, ginger-partitioned moxibustion, garlic-partitioned moxibustion and Aconium Carmichaeli-par titioned moxibustion. The spectrum of moxa stick moxibustion was relatively discrete and several wave crests are appeared. But in the spectrum of ginger-partitioned moxibustion, garlic-partitioned moxibustion or Aconium Carmichaeli-partitioned moxibustion, a specific and relatively steady wave crest formed respectively. It was concluded different indirect moxibustion could bring respective spectrum of near infrared and have the relevant physiologic and biochemical effects.

Objective To obtain the classification and characteristics of acupuncture manipulations by analyzing teacher's lifting-thrusting manipulation parameters derived from Germany-made Simi Motion 3D image analysis system using self-organizing feature map neural network (SOM). Method Thirty acupuncture teachers were selected for the study. Unilateral Quchi (LI11) was used as a point for acupuncture. A motion video of lifting-thrusting even reinforcing-reducing, reinforcing and reducing manipulations was made. The video was analyzed using Simi Motion 3D image analysis system to obtain original motion parameters at thumb tip tracking mark point. Teacher's manipulation classification parameters were analyzed using SOM. Result Acupuncture manipulation parameters showed nonnormal distribution with larger dispersion. Even reinforcing-reducing and reinforcing manipulations could be classified into four types and reducing manipulation, into five types. The characteristics of every type showed general concentration degree. Conclusion Acupuncture manipulation parameters overall showed the diversity characteristics of nonnormal distribution and are typical artificial control curve. They have the characteristic of lower concentration degree of neural network classification. Their classification is mainly based on curve shape and cycle length and related to the degree of difficulty of manipulation. This technique can be applied to the quantitative analysis of various manipulationsand the study of technical inheritance and provide reference for the standardization of acupuncture manipulation.

Acupuncture manipulation is the pivotal factor for conferring clinical efficacy of acupuncture. By retrieving in the scientific research data base and acquiring the characteristics of acupuncture manipulation parameters, we studied the cluster-algorithm on parameter analyses and implemented clustering analysis of acupuncture manipulation parameters. Then we disclose the inherent method of needling. Thus, it can be used as a theoretical base for the studies on standard, normalization and quantification of the acupuncture manipulation parameter.
Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Algorithms ; Cluster Analysis ; Computer Simulation ; Humans

Objective To investigate the basic status of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in a hospital,and provide evidence for strengthening HAI management.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investi-gate the prevalence rates of HAI in all hospitalized patients at 0 ∶00 -24∶00 of May 7,2014.Results A total of 2 262 patients were supposed to be investigated,while 2 253 (99.60%)patients were actually investigated,586 of whom (26.01%)came from pulmonary hospital(specialized in tuberculosis)affiliated to the general hospital.53 patients devel-oped 58 times of HAI,prevalence rate and case prevalence rate was 2.35% and 2.57% respectively;1 073 patients devel-oped 1 265 times of community-acquired infection (CAI),prevalence rate and case prevalence rate was 47.63% and 56.15% respectively.Rates of HAI and CAI were high in intensive care unit(ICU,21.28%)and pulmonary hospital (99.49%)respectively;the main infection site was lower respiratory tract,which accounting for 46.55%(n =27)and 69.72%(n=882)respectively.The major pathogens causing HAI were gram-negative bacteria(n = 19),and the major pathogens causing CAI were Mycobacteria(n=141)and fungi (n=89).The rate of antimicrobial usage and etiological ex-amination was 34.80%(n=784 )and 81.48%(n=550 )respectively.Conclusion In order to prevent cross infection of tuberculosis and reduce the incidence of HAI,lower respiratory tract and ICU should be one of the key infection sites and departments of HAI surveillance,treatment and management of patients with tuberculosis should be stand-ardized,professional precaution of health care workers should be enhanced.

The studies of the simulation of acupuncture manipulation mainly focus on mechanical simulation and virtual simulation (SIM). In terms of mechanical simulation, the aim of the research is to develop the instruments of the simulation of acupuncture manipulation, and to apply them to the simulation or a replacement of the manual acupuncture manipulation; while the virtual simulation applies the virtual reality technology to present the manipulation in 3D real-time on the computer screen. This paper is to summarize the recent research progress on computer simulation of acupuncture manipulation at home and abroad, and thus concludes with the significance and the rising problems over the computer simulation of acupuncture manipulation. Therefore we put forward that the research on simulation manipulation should pay much attention to experts' manipulation simulation, as well as the verification studies on conformity and clinical effects.
Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Professional Competence