Programmed death1 (PD-1) is mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cell. The combination between PD-1 and its legends PD-L1/PD-L2 activate downstream signaling pathways and negatively regulate T cell activation. Ab?normal increase expression of PD-L1 on tumor cell surface mediates the tumor immune escape. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling pathway contributes to antitumor effect of T cells. The development of this pathway inhibitors has become a hot spot for tu?mor immunotherapy. This article expounds the progress about antitumor effects mediated by PD-1 pathway inhibition from experiments in vivo or in vitro and clinical development of PD-1 pathway inhibitors, providing a new target for cancer immu?notherapy and theoretical and clinical basis for the clinical application of immunotherapy with traditional therapy methods.

Objective To study the relationship of cytokines and cytokine receptors gene polymorphism with acute rejection in kidney transplantation recipients,whose 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 5 kinds of cytokines and their receptors were tested with cytokine oligonucleotide array.Methods According to the allele sequences of 21 gene polymorphisms of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,TNF-?,TGF-?_1 and their receptors,58 oligonucleotide probes were synthesized. A pair of group special primers labeled by the Cy5 were designed and were used in the PCR. The labeled PCR products with Cy5 were hybridized with array. The signals were scanned by a scanner and analyzed by image software. Genomic DNA samples from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 144 kidney transplant recipients were tested by this array. The distribution of 21 single nucleotide polymorphism in cytokines and cytokine receptors was compared between two groups according to the presence or absence of acute renal rejection.Results In recipients,the gene polymorphism distribution in rejection group and non-rejection group showed significant difference (P

Objective To observe the effect of aerosol inhalation of ambroxol combined with budesonide on neonatal pneumonia .Methods 66 infants with pneumonia treated were enrolled in this study.The patients were divided into observation group ( n =33 ) and control group ( n =33 ) according to the random number method.The treatment group were treated with ambroxol combined with budesonide and the control group were treated with budesonide.The two groups of infant lung function, clinical outcomes and blood flow were compared.Results The total effective rate (93.94%) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (45.45%), there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).After treatment, FEV1 and PEF in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment, the observation group [(95.21 ± 7.69)%, (93.21 ±7.89)%] were significantly higher than those of the control group[(87.03 ±7.23)%, (84.55 ±7.45)%], the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).The OI of the two groups was significantly higher than that of the control group and the OI of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group.PaCO2 of the two groups decreased significantly and the PaCO2 of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion The combination of ambroxol and budesonide is effective in the treatment of neonatal pneumonia.It can effectively improve the infant pulmonary function, shorten the treatment time and improve the hemodynamics of infants .

Abnormal endothelial growth factor receptor transportion was involved in the development of tumor so more and more researches focus it as a target of anti-tumor therapy. Based on the known mechanism in EGFR mis-localization this review summarized the latest research progress in the abnormality in signal of EGFR transportation and its role in tumori?genesis, anti-tumor drug and therapy that target to EGFR. It is aim to provide reference for the development of anti-tumor treatments which target EGFR and for the mechanism in resistance of anti-tumor.

The resection can be performed in about 20 percent of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma(PHC) in clinic. However, with the development of interventional treatment such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE), better therapeutic effect has been achieved by two-stage resection such as TACE in patients with unresectable PHC. At present, surgical resection is still regarded as the first choice of PHC, and the principle of comprehensive therapeutic solutions around surgical operation has been established. The pretreatment of TACE is an important measure to improve the therapeutic effect in PHC.This paper discussed the mechanism, effect and value of TACE in pretreatment of unresectable PHC. The selection of operative opportunity, sign, and ways after TACE and the factors affecting prognosis of two-stage resection were also reviewed.

Objective: To develop price framework of medical service price project and introduce the weights calculation method of the new edition medical service price project. Methods: According to the new instruction manuals of medical service price and the research of the resource costs based on the relative value(RBRVS)of the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the American Medical Association ( AMA ) , an analysis framework and dimension of medical service price was raised and authoritative international medical service project price methods w ere summarized. Results: Based on the percentages of constituted factors and the professional features, it found the weights calculation model could be constructed with the weights model, and it could calculate the weights of the elements. Conclusion: Medical service price can be measured and comprehensively researched from the different dimensions of the medical service price, so as to carry out the pricing work of medical service price project and provide better service for pharmaceutical reform.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of pregabalin assisting anti-histamine drugs in the treat-ment of secondary skin pruritus in uremic patients underwent maintenance hemodialysis. METHODS:140 uremic patients with sec-ondary skin pruritus underwent maintenance hemodialysis were randomly divided into control group and treatment group,with 70 cases in each group. Control group was given loratadine orally,10 mg,qd. Treatment group was additionally given pregabalin on the basis of control group,75 mg,po,at night of hemodialysis end,increasing by 75 mg every week if no obvious relief was found,maximal dose of 300 mg. Both group received 3 months of treatment. Clinical efficacy,VAG itching score,modified Duo score,PSQI score before and after treatment and the incidence of ADR were compared between 2 groups. RESULTS:Total effec-tive rate of treatment group (90.00%) was significantly higher than that of control group (71.43%),with statistical significance (P<0.05);VAG itching score,modified Duo score and PSQI score of treatment group after treatment were significantly lower than control group and before treatment,with statistical significance(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Pregabalin assisting anti-histamine drugs in the treatment of secondary skin pruritus in uremic patients with maintenance hemodialysis can efficiently relieve the itching symptoms,improve sleep quality,and not increase the risk of ADR.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of matrine,linarin,berberine hydrochloride and osthole in Shenju lotion. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Dionex C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrle-0.1% triethylamine(pH was adjusted to 7.2 with phosphoric)(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,detection wavelength was 210 nm,column temperature was 30 ℃,and injection volume was 20 μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 1.400-8.400 μg for matrine (r=0.999 4),0.152-0.912 μg for linarin (r=0.999 6),0.248-1.488 μg for berberine hydrochloride (r=0.999 9) and 0.128-0.768 μg for osthole (r=0.999 4);limit of quantitation was 84.85,3.15,15.03,7.76 ng,limit of detection was 24.13, 0.89,4.27,2.20 ng;RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 2%;recoveries were 96.29%-99.06%(RSD=1.10%,n=9),96.49%-98.27%(RSD=0.69%,n=9),99.26%-101.13%(RSD=0.62%,n=9) and 96.27%-98.64%(RSD=0.89%,n=9). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,accurate and reproducible,and can be used for the simultaneous determination of matrine,linarin,berberine hydrochloride and osthole in Shenju lotion.

Objective To evaluate the role of detecting circulating UP Ⅱ mRNA positive cells in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Methods Expression of UP Ⅱ mRNA was examined with nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay. Results UP Ⅱ mRNA positive cells were detected in 0% (0/26) of patients with superficial urothelial cancers (pT a～1 N 0M 0), 20.8% (5/24) of patients with invasive cancers (pT 2～4 N 0M 0), 50.0% (1/2) of regional node positive patients (pN 1～2 M 0),and 100.0% (2/2) of patients with distant metastases. Positive rates increased with tumor extension ( P

Piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in three patients with terminal liver disease.After resection of the patient′s liver with preservation of the recipient inferior vena cava,the donor liver was transplanted into the patient with an end to end anastomosis of the inferior vena cava above the liver,portal vein,hepatic artery and common bile duct between the donor and the recipient liver,with the ligation of subhepatic inferior vena cava.The liver rejection was controlled by FK506,Xiaoxi and prednisone. We reinforced monitoring of the patient and infection was prevented after the operation.So far,two patients have survived and led a normal life for 12 and 9 months,respectively.The third patient died of renal failure on the postoperative 14 days.The liver transplantation is a safe and effective curative means for terminal liver disease.