Aims: Vibrio harveyi causes vibriosis to Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). The disease spreads rapidly among fish stocked in the same cage. It causes high mortality especially in weak and small sized fish stocked at high density in poorly managed net cage. Study to determine the virulence levels of the bacterial pathogen in various aquaculture animals is a key to prevent vibriosis in marine aquaculture. Methodology and Result: Isolation of bacteria from diseased Asian seabass was done using tryptic soy agar (TSA) and thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar (TCBS) plates. Virulence of two strains of Vibrio harveyi (VHJR4 and VHJR7) was tested against clinically healthy aquaculture animals. The analysis revealed that the two bacterial strains differ in pathogenicity. The V. harveyi strain VHJR7 was virulent to Asian seabass at 1.40 x 104 c.f.u. g-1, humpback grouper (Cromileptis altivelis) at LD50 8.33 x 103 c.f.u. g-1 and black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) at LD50 3.26 x 104 c.f.u. g-1 , respectively. The V. harveyi strain VHJR4 was not virulent to Asian seabass and humpback grouper but it caused mortality to black tiger shrimp at LD50 1.32 x 106 c.f.u. g-1. Phenotypically, the two strains shared most of the biochemical features except that the V. harveyi strain VHJR7 was a urease positive and grew at 8.5 % NaCl, and at 10 °C. The percentage similarity of nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA in V. harveyi VHJR4 and V. harveyi VHJR7 was higher (99%) but reduced at 95 % in hemolysin gene. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Pathogenic strain of V. harveyi causes mortality and affects aquaculture production of Asian seabass. Hence, vaccine development against the bacterial pathogen is urgently needed for sustainability of Asian seabass aquaculture in Malaysia.

Aims: High demand for frog meat in Malaysia especially the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) has promoted intensive farming of the animal. However, the farming of American bullfrog is restricted by the occurrence of diseases. This study reports the first isolation of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica from specimens of American bullfrog that suffer from cataract and ‘red-leg’ syndrome. Methodology and Result: The pathogen was isolated from eyes and internal organs (liver, kidney and spleen) of the diseased bullfrog specimens. All the bacterial isolates were subjected to phenotypic characterization and antibiotic susceptibility assay, and further identified by using the 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. We designed two pair of specific PCR primers (22-25 mers) which are complimentary to the β-lactamase gene in the reference strain of E. meningoseptica ATCC49470. The result showed all the bacterial isolates shared similar phenotypic characters and antibiotic susceptibility. BLAST analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the bacterial isolates had very high sequence homology (100%) with E. meningospetica ATCC49470 and E. meningoseptica isolates from mosquito. The two PCR primers were very specific to E. meningoseptica isolates of this study. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This is the first isolation and characterization of bacterial pathogen, E. meningoseptica in cultured American bullfrog (Rana catesbeina) that suffered from eye cataract and ‘red-leg’ syndrome in Sabah, Malaysia. It is suspected that one of the possible transmission routes of the bacterial pathogen could be via mosquito bites. The findings suggest that there is urgent requirement for standard guideline of good farming practice to be adopted in frog farms throughout the country. Such a guideline can help in minimizing economic losses, preventing transmission of the zoonotic bacterial pathogen to farm workers, and sustaining the industry in Malaysia and upgrading frog meat quality for international market.

Fisheries and aquaculture are notably known as the most important sources of protein that can provide food for billions of people worldwide. The aquatic farming production keeps expanding gradually in recent years professing that fisheries and aquaculture has become the fastest growing food-producing market. This sector continues to attract great interest from everyone due to its promising contribution in global food security, economic and social development. However, growing high density of marine culture to maximize the production has caused the aquatic animals to be vulnerable to diseases. Various infectious fish diseases have led to high fish mortality that later poses a significant threat to companies’ long-term viability and countries’ socio-economic development. Therefore, this review discusses fish diseases and the overview of fish vaccines as one of the approaches to ensure a sustainable future for aquaculture.