Patients seeking primary care often have upper respiratory symptoms caused by viral infection. Most patients are diagnosed based on medical interviews and physical examinations ; however, such diagnoses are often based on experience, and education for younger physicians regarding such patients is often insufficient. This review addresses evidence related to history and physical findings of cough, sore throat, and nasal discharge. We reviewed differential diagnosis of cough, as well as select diagnosis, including the common cold, acute bacterial sinusitis, Bordetella pertussis infection, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Sore throat is similarly reviewed through differential diagnosis and select diagnosis, including Streptococcal (group A) infection, infectious mononucleosis, and Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. Nasal discharge is reviewed in terms of differential diagnosis and allergic rhinitis. Many histories or physical findings of upper respiratory symptoms are not supported by evidence, and further study is warranted.

Patients seeking primary care often have upper respiratory symptoms caused by viral infection. Most patients are diagnosed based on medical interviews and physical examinations ; however, such diagnoses are often based on experience, and education for younger physicians regarding such patients is often insufficient. This review addresses evidence related to history and physical findings of cough, sore throat, and nasal discharge. We reviewed differential diagnosis of cough, as well as select diagnosis, including the common cold, acute bacterial sinusitis, Bordetella pertussis infection, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Sore throat is similarly reviewed through differential diagnosis and select diagnosis, including Streptococcal (group A) infection, infectious mononucleosis, and Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. Nasal discharge is reviewed in terms of differential diagnosis and allergic rhinitis. Many histories or physical findings of upper respiratory symptoms are not supported by evidence, and further study is warranted.

The use of clinical databases is becoming increasingly common. We introduce a real-time clinical database named SINAP (Stroke Improvement National Audit Programme) which was originally deployed as a research database. We addressed its educational application in a hospital.
We visited a leading stroke ward in the UK, which had a hyper acute stroke facility, and investigated the current operation and application of the SINAP database. The ward contained a hyper acute stroke unit with 12 beds and a 20-bed stroke unit. About 400 patients were treated in three months (January-March, 2011). The SINAP database was used not only for research reports but also for conferences concerning patient management, and it facilitated learning by clinical staff at the hospital.
Databases which record clinical data relevant to performance and quality are an effective tool for improving the quality of treatment and care, as well as for training staff in clinical practice. Considering the wide-spread use of information technologies in primary care, such utilization of clinical data seems appropriate and effective to improve the quality of practice.

Clinical clerkships have been gradually introduced in medical schools in Japan. Because all students do not rotate through the same departments, the satisfaction of medical students differs among the departments, although the underlying reasons for such differences are unclear. To investigate the factors associated with student satisfaction with clinical clerkships, we performed a questionnaire survey.1) Questionnaires were distributed to 99 fifth-year medical students at Kyoto University Medical School. The questionnaire consisted of Likert-type 5-level scales of satisfaction, clinical clerkship assignments, and the attitudes of clerkship supervisors and other attending staff. Eighty-nine students responded.2) The independent factors for students' satisfaction were the attitude of attending staff (beta coefficient, 0.34), the attitude of the clerkship supervisor (0.30), and the frequency of physical examinations (0.09).3) Twenty-two of the 34 students who expressed the lowest level of satisfaction (level 1) reported that "the attending staff rarely had contact with students."4) Factors not associated with satisfaction were: whether the rotation was in internal medicine or surgery; whether the rotation was in a community hospital or a university hospital, and the department.5) These results suggest that medical students are satisfied with a clerkship if they perform frequent physical examinations and if the attending staff have an enthusiastic attitude.

BACKGROUND : Norm-referenced equations to predict the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) in healthy Japanese subjects have not been established. The current study aimed to determine the reference values for 6MWD in healthy Japanese adults.
METHODS : Ninety-seven healthy Japanese men and women aged 40-79 years were recruited from Kyoto city using posters and flyers. Measurements of 6MWD were performed twice on an indoor 30 m track with 20 minutes rest between the two tests. Before performing the tests, age, gender, height, body weight, waist circumference, a questionnaire for health status, spirometry, and a 12-lead electrocardiogram were recorded. The 6MWD was measured following guidelines published in 2002 by the American Thoracic Society.
RESULTS : The mean age of the study subjects was 57.0±9.4, and 63 of the 97 subjects were female. The mean 6MWD for all subjects was 672±83 m, with a range of 483-903 m. The 6MWD is significantly correlated with age, height, waist circumference, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁). A multiple linear model showed age, waist circumference, and FVC were significantly associated with 6MWD and the model explained 35% of the variability in 6MWD. When FVC was replaced by height, the regression model also explained 32% of the variation. The measured 6MWD of Japanese subjects was similar to the predicted 6MWD using the equations derived from Caucasian subjects.
CONCLUSIONS : The 6MWD was affected to a substantial degree by age, waist circumference, height, and FVC in healthy Japanese adults.

A 60-year-old male was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis four months previously because of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy seen on a chest X-ray, uveitis, and elevation of serum angiotensin converting enzyme. In summer, the patient suffered from hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and renal dysfunction. Renal biopsy showed interstitial nephritis with gallium scintigraphy demonstrating high uptake in the bilateral hilum, eyes, and kidneys. Corticosteroid treatment was effective in remarkably improving the renal disorder and radiographic abnormalities.
The calcium metabolic abnormalities and the granulomatous interstitial nephritis showed a marked response to corticosteroid therapy, so that immediate administration of corticosteroid may be justified even in cases without histological evidences. Gallium scintigraphy is suggested to be useful in noninvasive examination in acute stage of sarcoidosis.

PURPOSE: Ticlopidine hydrochloride, an antiplatelet agent, is believed to have saved life years in many patients with ischemic cerebral vascular diseases in Japan. But severe adverse events have also been reported. The current investigation aimed to compare two hypothetical cohorts treated with and without ticlopidine in terms of risks and benefits of ticlopidine treatment using Markov model.
METHODS: We conducted Markov decision analysis to estimate the number of lives saved and the increase in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over the past 20 years by ticlopidine in Japan. Two cohorts of 60-year-old male patients with previous histories of cerebral infarction, one of which treated with ticlopidine and the other not treated with ticlopidine, were compared with respect to the number of deaths and quality of life (QOL) . Data incorporated were the probabilities of the recurrence of cerebral infarction and the associated mortality, adverse events of the drug, and the utility of health status treated with ticlopidine.
RESULTS: Approximately 1, 630, 000 patients were estimated to be on ticlopidine for variable periods of time during the past 20 years in Japan. With treatment, 17, 130 lives were saved, while 1, 338 patients died because of cerebral bleeding, agranulocytosis, severe hepatic dysfunction, or thrombotic thrombocytic purpura, resulting in a net benefit of 15, 792 lives saved by ticlopidine over the past 20 years. In terms of QOL, there was a total increase of 382, 191 QALYs. Sensitivity analyses showed that the older the patients when ticlopidine therapy was started, the smaller the benefits that were gained by treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Ticlopidine is considered to have made a great contribution in savingmany lives and improving QALYs in the past 20 years in Japan. This kind of analysis based on Markov model can be employed to demonstrate effectiveness of drugs and medical technologies in terms of population health outcomes.

Qualitative research has gained greater attention in medical research, but it might seem to be unscientific because qualitative and quantitative research methods are grounded in different paradigm.
In this article, we introduce three major qualitative research methods frequently used in studies of patient-doctor communications: 1) in-depth interviews; 2) focus group interviews and, 3) semi-structured interviews.
Each qualitative research method has different or common advantages and disadvantages, and which methods should be used depends on the study objectives. Qualitative research and quantitative research are complementary: while quantitative research explains the prevalence or variation of an issue, qualitative research explains the reasons or processes of that prevalence or variation. Combination of the two methods enables the gathering of more comprehensive and explanatory results.