Objective : Heparin lock flush solution is diluctes and divided into vials before its use while it is used in quantity in Japan. Then, we carried out the research on use of heparin lock flush solution.
Methods : We executed the nationwide questionnaire investigation concerning making heparin lock flush solution.
Results : The recovery of the nationwide questionnaire investigation was as high as 78% (64/82) indicating general concern for the problem.
Heparin lock flush solution was made in 97% (246/253) of wards. 69% (174/253) of wards had a standard for preparation. Therebon, it is thought that the standardization of heparin lock flush solution is possible. The use concentration employed most frequently for the peripheral intravenous injection was 10 units/ml and that for the central vein injection was 100/ml units. In many wards the amount used at 1 time for the peripheral intravenous injection was 5 ml or 10 ml and that for the central vein injection, was 5 ml, 10 ml, or 20 ml.
84% of nurses requested marketing of heparin lock flush solution.
Conclusion : We investigated the use realities and the problem of heparin lock flush solution from a past report etc. Heparin lock flush solution is listed to the pharmacopeia in the United States and Britain. Heparin lock flush solution should be supplied as the goods on the market immediately even if it is seen from the profit, the safety, the medical economy.

Objective : Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEIT) for hepatocellular carcinoma is basic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, it is off-label uses to use ethanol for this treatment in the current state. Then, we executed the drug utilization study of Absolute ethanol injections at this time.
Methods : We executed the drug utilization study of Absolute ethanol injections at this time.
Results : The recovery of the questionnaire was high with 84.4% (151/179 medical institutions). The ethanol injections was made by 85% (129/151 facilities). Facilities where 100 or more ethanol injections was made annually were 76%. The raw material for making the ethanol injections was the reagent which was not the medicine in 44% of facilities. Information on safety and effectiveness concerning the ethanol injections was hardly offered from pharmacy. Finally, 96% (124/129 facilities) demanded marketing the ethanol injections.
Conclusion : We investigated the research report number by using “ICHUSHI” CD-ROM version (1988-1998) which was the medical literature data base. We were able to collect reports concerning PEIT of hepatocellular carcinoma of 636 reports. We were able to collect reports which used PEIT as a treatment method of hepatocellular carcinoma by as many as 636 reports. It has been understood that PEIT is enforced in Japan. Next, we reviewed the document and collected and evaluated information on effectiveness and safety concerning the ethanol injections used for PEIT. The treatment object, the usage, and the dosage have been decided at the relating academic meeting. Moreover, there was a report concerning a lot of effectiveness and safety in the PEIT treatment method of hepatocellular carcinoma. The ethanol injections used for PEIT is one of the medicines where information and scientific evidence concerning effectiveness and safety are accumulated. Moreover, a large amount of ethanol injections are nationally made in the pharmacy in the hospital. However, it has been proved that there are a lot of problems about the making. The ethanol injections is the medicine which should be supplied and made by the pharmaceutical company.

The promotion of clinical research in Japan requires the establishment of a formal and systematic education and training program for clinicians to ensure they become effective clinician investigators. The first of its kind in Japan, a formal 1-year masters-degree-level training program (MCR course) was started at Kyoto University School of Medicine and Public Health. The first 28 students graduated in 2008, with most returning to their original clinical institutions.
1) As follow-up, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey of all 28 graduates (response rate, 86%) concerning the current status of clinical research and problems encountered at their institutions.
2) Almost 40% of respondents (n=24) reported "no time" or "no research collaborators" for clinical research.
3) Twenty respondents (83%) have attempted to promote clinical research at their hospital or workplace, but only 1 has received institutional support.
4) Over half of the respondents (54%) would like to be working in both clinical research and clinical practice at their hospital in the future (10-year timescale). Forty-two percent of respondents had a concrete image of the clinical researcher's career path.
5) Although open to improvement, the MCR program presents a concrete model for the education of clinical researchers. These findings suggest that promoting the conduct of clinical research requires the implementation of a support system and adjustment of personal and physical infrastructure.