The purpose of this study was to compare the motor control against the passive force between an ascend phase (AP) and a descend phase (DP), and to investigate the effect of a subject's athletic experience on it. Thirty-four subjects participated in the experiment, and they were classified into an athlete group and a control group. We used a kinetic-equilibrating (K-E) task. Result of K-E task depends on the kinesthesia, because subjects are required to maintain their balance against a passive force under conditions of limited visual and aural feedbacks. Therefore, subjects were instructed to resist the passive force. Their performance was evaluated using parameters such as absolute error, position fluctuation, and variable error that were calculated from position data. Significantly higher values on DP than AP for each parameter in the control group were found. However, the values of both AP and DP were similar in the athlete group. It was suggested that the athlete group could perform the same level of motor control against passive force between AP and DP, although it was more difficult in DP than in AP for the control group.

Increased carotid arterial stiffness is associated with a risk factor of congestive heart failure. Thus factors that affect carotid arterial stiffness are of both physiological and clinical interest. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of regular aerobic exercise and menstrual cycle on carotid arterial stiffness in young female. The carotid β-stiffness index, an index of carotid arterial stiffness, was assessed in eight young female athletes (20.5 ± 0.4 years) and ten young female control subjects (21.3 ± 0.7 years). The carotid β-stiffness index was determined using ultrasound images of the common carotid artery with simultaneous recording of carotid arterial blood pressure by applanation tonometry. There was no difference in carotid β-stiffness index between the control and the athlete group both at the early follicular and the pre-ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle. On the other hand, the carotid β-stiffness index decreased from the early follicular phase to the pre-ovulation phase both in the control and the athlete group. These results suggest that carotid arterial stiffness in young females is not affected by regular aerobic exercise, but changes with the menstrual cycle, irrespective of exercise status.

We studied the mechanism for slowing surface electromyography (EMG) during fatiguing contraction using superimposed M-wave analysis. Seven healthy male subjects exerted 60% maximum voluntary contraction of isometric abductions in the left first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) until exhaustion. Simultaneously with voluntary contractions, the ulnar nerve was electrically stimulated at supramaximal intensity, and volitional EMG and superimposed M-waves were obtained. We examined the behavior of muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) and median frequency (MDF) for both EMG, with the following results:
1) MFCV calculated from volitional EMG of FDI was about 6 m/s during 60% MVC.
2) The waveform of voluntary EMG detected from FDI slowed in all subjects during fatiguing contraction at 60% MVC, indicating fatigue had developed in the muscle.
3) As fatigue progressed, the waveform of the superimposed M-wave tended to decrease in amplitude and increase in duration.
4) As fatigue progressed, MDF and MFCV in volitional EMG decreased significantly (p<0.04) . The rate of change was larger in MDF than in MFCV (p<0.01) .
5) As fatigue progressed, MDF and MFCV in the superimposed M-wave decreased significantly (p<0.01) . The rate of change was larger in NIDF than in MFCV (p<0.05) .
These results suggested that MFCV and other peripheral factors affected the slowing of volitional EMG. Elongation of the depolarization zone in muscle fiber is proposed as a peripheral factor.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term immobilization on the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force. The first dorsal interosseus (FDI) of 10 healthy male adults was immobilized for 1 week using casting tape. Atrophy of the muscle was estimated from a cross sectional view of magnetic resonance images (MRI) . To clarify the factors of a peripheral neuromuscular system contributing to the change in the MVC force, twitch force at rest was measured. The contribution of central factors was estimated from a voluntary activation (VA) index, which was obtained by the twitch interpolation method.
The MRI showed no significant changes in the cross sectional area. The MVC force declined after immobilization (p<0.01), and recovered after 1 week from the termination of immobilization (p<0.01) . Both the twitch force at rest and the VA at MVC declined after immobilization (p<0.01), and recovered after 1 week (p<0.05) .
The results indicate that the temporary decline of the MVC force was not accompanied by atrophy of the muscle. Furthermore the decline of the MVC was caused both by the deterioration of peripheral and central functions in the neuromuscular system. Possible factors in the peripheral and central neuromuscular systems affected by the immobilization were discussed.

We evaluated motor unit (MU) fatigue in the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) using the collision principle. Eight healthy men exerted 70% (short-duration fatigue task: SDF task) and 30% (long-duration fatigue task: LDF task) maximum voluntary contraction of isometric abductions in the left FDI until exhausted. Before and after voluntary contractions, the ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist and elbow with supramaximal intensity, and a pair of M-waves was obtained. Fatiguerelated changes were studied in mean power frequency (MPF), averaged rectified value (ARV) calculated from surface EMG, and motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) and distribution of motor nerve conduction velocity (DMCV) calculated from M-waves. The MPF of voluntary EMG decreased, whereas ARV increased significantly during SDF and LDF tasks, indicating fatigue had developed in the FDI. Endurance was significantly shorter in the SDF task than in the LDF task (p<0.01), whereas differences between tasks were not seen in MPF and ARV changes. Tasks did not affect MCV, but lower components in DMCV increased for both tasks. Increased lower components were larger in the LDF task than in the SDF task. The shift in DMCV indicated that fatigued MUs stopped activity and enduring MUs, which had lower axon conduction velocity, were activated selectively. These results suggest that the collision principle is applicable in evaluating motor unit fatigability.