In the previous papers, we reported the effects of electronic moxibustion on immune response of experimental rats to the exogeneous antigens, human γ-globulin.
The results supported the theory, “non-specific heat aggregeted autologous tissue protein stimulation therapy” presented by Dr. Shimetaro Hara in 1933.
Therefore, in this paper we chose two kinds of antigens, one is the T-cell dependent antigen, dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH), the other is the T-cell independent antigen dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll) to analyse the mechanism of electronic moxibustion whether it enhances the immune response or not.
Using 9 weeks old femal SLC-Wistar rats, we administered the electronic moxibustion according to the method reported in the previous papers. Following daily moxibustion for 8 weeks, antigens were giver twice at intervals of one week together with Freund's complete adjuvant. And 4 days later from the last antigen stimulation direct, DNP plaque forming cells in the spleen were counted.
The results obviously showed daily electronic moxibustion for 8 weeks enhanced immune response against the T-cell dependent antigen (DNP-KLH) stimulated rats but no effect on the immune response to the T-cell independent antigen (DNP-Ficoll) stimulated rats.
The daily electronic moxibustion for 4 weeks to rats failed to show any effective results against both antigens stimulation.
The responses of spleen cells against mitogenic lectins, PHA, Con A and PWM were analysed 3 days after the incubation with lectins by tritiated thymidine up takes into cells. The results also showed the animal group received the electronic moxibustion for 8 weeks manifested higher response against the one of T-cell mitogens, Con A compared with either the group received the electronic moxibustion for 4 weeks or the control group, not received any treatment.
These results suggested that the immune activation mechanism exhibited by the electronic moxibustion is via the activation of T-cell function and the electronic moxibustion does not act on B cell nor antibody forming cells.
The direct effects on the animal skin by the electronic moxibustion were shown exactly the same physical characteristics as the conventional moxibustion method as reported in the previous papers. Therefore, we could expect the similar T-cell activation effect on the immune response by the conventional moxibustion.
But from our results to get such a T-cell activation by the electronic moxibustion, it has been necessary to administrate the electronic moxibustion daily at least for more than 4 weeks.
Next we would like to make clear what kinds of subpopulation in the T-cell populations are activated by the electronic moxibustion.
Before the clinical administration of the electronic moxibustion as one of immune activators, it is necessary to investigate further about the optimal amounts of the moxibustion, effects of the moxibustion on the cellular immunity or tumor immunity.

Objective: The Japanese risk management plan (RMP) contains the risk minimization action plans for important potential risks of drugs.  One of the basic risk minimization action plans is reminding on package insert; however, we found that some potential risks were not described in package inserts.  In this study, we investigated the description of potential risks on package inserts.
Design: Document analysis.
Methods: We collected all posted RMP documents and the package inserts of corresponding products from the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency website on January 31, 2015 and investigated the risk minimization action plans of important potential risk items and whether the items had been described in each package insert.
Results: Of 268 important potential risk items in 81 products, 56 items were not described on package insert.  The major reason for not including the risk items on the package insert was “causality was not indicated sufficiently” and some items had no written reason.
Conclusion: About 20% of important potential risks are not described in package inserts.  Because most post-marketing pharmacovigilance plans depend on spontaneous reporting by healthcare personnel, description on package insert, the most frequently referred drug information resource, should be considered.

Great interest has been paid to moxibustion from many thousand years ago as one of effective folk medicine, hewever while through the years only practical use has been emphasized, its scientific basis has remained unclear. About 60 years ago Dr. Shimetaro Hara studied on moxibustion histologically and pharmacologically and suspected the widespread meridian theory (theory of Keiraku) in explaination of the moxibustion effect and presented “non-specific heat aggregated autologous tissue protein therapy” theory. It can be said that his theory coincides with today's nonspecific immune regulatory therapy applied to cancer and immune deficient diseases.
Using 9 Week-old femal SLC-Wistar rats, we administered regular moxa moxibustion or electrical moxibustion under the same circumstances as regular moxa moxibustion daily fom definite duration. Following moxibustion, using 0.5mg of HG as an antigen together with Freund's incomplete adjuvant, we sensitized two sites on the foot pads of rats once or twice (2 weeks later).
On the 7th day after the primary or secondary sensitization 1.0mg of HγG in 0.1ml of saline was injected subcutaneously at an intact sites of foot pad and foot pad edema formed was measured periodically. Taking sheep red blood cells and using refined human IgG myeloma protein as an antigen and glutar-aldehyde an a fixing reagent, we admindstered PHA (passive hamagglutination) for the assay of serum antibody level of moxibusted animals.
In comparison with moxibustion, on the same schedule 5mg/kg of levamisole (LEV) was adminstered orally daily and results were examined.
The inflammatory edematous reaction which was induced with the HγG reached a peak 3 hour salter the antigen challenged on the intact foot pad, then gradually weakened until it returned to normal was an immediate type skin reaction.
This edema rection in the moxibustion group and the LEV group also when compared with the control group was significantly stregthened. The antibody titer according to the PHA reaction showed after the primary sensitization, no remarkable increase in the moxibustion group, in fact, the level was about the same as the control. After the secondary sensitization the antibody titer of the moxibustion group was much higher than that of the LEV group compared with the control.
And the strongest effects were obtained in the moxibustion and LEV group. As an immune activator, the functional mechanism of moxibustion compared with levamisole which is said to have some function on the T cells will become clear in the future.
Moreover, it will be clinically possible to use moxibustion as a supplementary therapy to build up the immune response.

We examined whether wiping acupuncture needles with cotton could remove Hepatitis C viruses (HCV) adhering to the needles. The needles were incubated in the serum from patients infected with HCV, then the needles were wiped with dry cotton or cotton soaked in 80% ethanol. RNA was extracted from these needles and the HCV genome was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results indicated that the HCV genome was not detected when the needles were wiped with dry cotton. However, in one of two experiments, the HCV genome was detected after wiping the needles with cotton soaked in ethanol. We also examined the HCV contamination on the needles extracted from patients infected with HCV. The HCV genome was detected on extracted needles that were not wiped with cotton, but the genome was not found on needles wiped with cotton at the time of extraction. Therefore, wiping acupuncture needles with cotton might effectively remove HCV on the contaminated needles, but the viruses could not always be re-moved by simply wiping the needles with cotton.

A natural course of asymptomatic neuroepithelial cysts (NECs) is poorly understood due to its rarity.Herein we report a 23-year-old female patient of an asymptomatic NEC which grew in size from 1 cm to 5 cm and caused progressive symptoms seven years after its incidental finding. Partial resection of the cyst was performed for decompression and pathological examination and effectively achieved symptoms alleviation and regression of the cyst. Our case showed the importance of regular follow-up because NECs may show symptomatic change even in the late phase.

We analyzed the student self-assessment on education in cardiology using a questionnaire.
Subjects: Ninety-six 5th-year students at Saga Medical School who have completed the lectures and bedside teaching were evaluated.
Methods: A questionnaire survey of 14 topics in cardiology was performed at the finish of 3 weeks of bedside teachings. Self-assessment was categorized into 4 grades; 1) completely understood (3 points), 2) almost completely understood (2 points), 3) could be understood (1 point), and 4) could not be understood (0 point). Self-assessment scores were calculated for each topic in cardiology.
Results: Questionnaires were returned by 88 students (91.7%). Self-assessment scores were high for myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and electrocardiogram reading. Scores were low for primary care, vascular diseases, and pericardial disease. Self-assessment scores did not significantly correlate with the length of lectures but did correlate with the number of admitted patients (r= 0.93) and scores on achievement tests (r= 0.43) in each topic.
Conclusions: Because students observed many patients with myocardial infarction and angina pectoris during bedside teaching, the self-assessment scores were high. Bedside teaching is important for medical students to understand topics in cardiology.

INTRODUCTIONObturator hernia is an important cause of small bowel obstruction and is associated with difficult diagnosis and high mortality.

MATERIALS AND METHODSWe reviewed 22 cases of intestinal obstruction due to obturator hernia that necessitated surgical intervention over the last 17 years and evaluated the changes in the number of patients based on the census data.

RESULTSAll cases were elderly females. The Howship-Romberg sign was present in 15 patients (68%). Computed tomography (CT) correctly diagnosed 13/15 (87%) of cases in which it was performed prospectively. The median time to surgery was 7.5+/-5.2 days for those patients with bowel resection, compared to 0.8+/-1.3 days for those without (P <0.05). The number of patients with obturator hernia has increased with an ageing society.

CONCLUSIONSThe rising incidence of obturator hernia is probably linked to an ageing society. CT of the pelvis was helpful in obtaining the correct diagnosis. The shorter the delay between admission and surgery, the lower the bowel resection rate. Laparotomy at an early stage is recommended in such patients as it leads to reduced morbidity and mortality.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Censuses ; Female ; Hernia, Obturator ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; surgery ; Humans ; Japan ; epidemiology ; Medical Audit ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Population Dynamics ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Kinki University School of Medicine introduced clerkships for undergraduate clinical training in 1999. Clinical clerkships are performed for the first 8 weeks of the sixth academic year. In 1999 and 2000 we conducted questionnaire surveys asking students about this system. The teaching staff encourages students to participate extensively in clinical situations, which reflects the consensus about this system. We also performed similar surveys of nurses and teaching staff. Clinical clerkships did not increase the incidence of problems between patients and medical staff. Many students felt their motivation to be a physician was increased. Although the findings of these questionnaire surveys indicate that our clerkship system works successfully, they also revealed some problems for sixth-year students. Although we recognize the significance of this system for undergraduate clinical training, further improvement is required.

This study was performed to assess the impact of sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear in predicting pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). We retrospectively identified sputum AFB smear specimens over a 6-year period in our hospital. A total of 1814 specimens were included: 26 were culture-positive for TB, and 116 were for nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). NTM were more frequently isolated than TB (odds ratio: 4.7, 95% confidence interval (95% CI); P <0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio of sputum AFB smear for TB were 42.3% (95% CI 23.4-63.1), 94.5% (95% CI 93.3-95.5), and 7.64 (95% CI 4.69-12.45), respectively. Although there was a statistical significance in the positive likelihood ratio, sputum smear test had a positive predictive value of 0.100 (95% CI 0.051-0.172). These data suggest that the diagnostic yield of sputum AFB smear for pulmonary TB might be substantially low in our clinical setting. Physicians should pay attention to interpretation of sputum smear results especially in areas with high prevalence of NTM.

The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge physicians expect pharmacists to have when discussing the safety of medicines. Survey questionnaires were distributed to 81 physicians working at 2 general hospitals in the Jōetsu region of Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The survey instrument included 22 knowledge items, and for each item physicians were asked to select either “Necessary knowledge” or “Knowledge that should be understood” for pharmacists. We obtained 71 valid responses (response rate: 87.7%). Results showed that “Package inserts” were selected by most physicians: 95.8% for specialist-related inserts and 85.9% for non-specialist inserts, followed in order by “Guidelines in Japan”, “Interview forms”, “Blue letter and yellow letter”, and “Recent topics in academic meetings in Japan”. Knowledge of specialty-related fields was significantly more likely to be expected of pharmacists than non-specialty fields: 48.0% and 36.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). Overall, physicians in this study suggested that when pharmacists share information with physicians, their communications may be enhanced by referring to Japanese guidelines and relevant topics that have previously been discussed at academic meetings.