Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of interventions for breast cancer patients with psychological distress by a clinical psychologist on the basis of the contents of the interventions and counseling. Methods: The participants were 20 inpatient and outpatient women aged from 33 to 73 years who had been diagnosed with breast cancer. The interventions were conducted on the basis of patients' complaints about anxiety and/or depression or by a medical doctor's request. The interventions employed unstructured, one-on-one interviews. Each interview usually lasted no more than 60 minutes. Results: The 20 cases were classified into the following categories: (1) 15 general (nonpsychiatric) cases, consisting of (1-1) 9 cases at the cancer-notification and progressive-therapeutic stages and (1-2) 6 cases at the progressive-relapse stage; and (2) 5 specific (psychiatric) cases, consisting of (2-1) 3 cases at the cancer-notification and progressive-therapeutic stages and (2-2) 2 cases at the progressive-relapsestage. As for the general cases, interventions were found to be effective in all 9 cases at the cancer-notification and progressive-therapeutic stages but in only 2 of 6 cases at the progressive-relapse stage. In specific cases, effective interventions were found at the cancer-notification, the progressive-therapeutic, and the progressive-relapsestages. Conclusion: This study suggested that interventions for breast cancer patients by a clinical psychologist are effective. The psychological interventions had two roles: to assess the patients properly and to interview the patients as purposefully as a medical team member would.

 SHARE started Health Education Promotion Project in East Timor in 2002 and has been actively engaged for over 4 years. The political and social unrest in the spring of 2006 produced as many as 150,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs), almost one sixth of the total population of the country. Viewing a dire situation in which people were placed, SHARE launched humanitarian assistance in 20 camps from August through December 2006. The interventions carried out were, among others, monitoring malnourished children with UNICEF, health education/promotion and mobile clinic in IDP camps, and supportive activities for Bairo Pite Clinic.
 The health education cumulatively reached 753 persons in 20 camps. Main health topics covered were sanitation, nutrition and skin infections. The mobile clinic in the Metinaro Camp was carried out 12 times seeing 1,227 persons. Main diseases identified were upper respiratory tract infections, skin infections and acute watery diarrhoea.
 We think that; i) coordination with donors in compliance with East Timorese national policy on IDPs is essential, ii) NGOs with experience in long-term health promotion can have an important role to play in emergencies, iii) even in an emergency situation, focusing on primary health care is important from the early stage of humanitarian assistance, iv) it is vital to take sustainability of those activities into account from the planning stage.

The aim of the present study was to measure the amount of nerve growth factor (NGF) present in saliva, and investigate the relationship with aging, gender, and number of retained teeth. The subjects were 93 healthy volunteers (35 males and 58 females) aged 18-87 years. Stimulated saliva was collected during gum chewing, and saliva secretion per minute and NGF concentration per unit volume were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that NGF in saliva was measurable in all subjects. The mean NGF concentration in saliva was 55.70 ± 38.27 pg/ml, and no relationship was found between NGF concentration and aging, gender, and the number of retained teeth. The mean NGF amount in saliva was 84.38 ± 71.06 pg/min. The NGF amount in saliva decreased with age, especially for the group aged 70 years and older. It was higher in male than female subjects, and was significantly higher in the group without tooth loss compared to the edentulous group. In addition, regarding the relationship between the saliva flow rate per minute and NGF amount in saliva, the latter increased significantly with a rise in the former. These results indicate that the NGF amount in saliva is influenced by aging, masticatory function, and saliva amount. It is speculated that human salivary glands play an important role in the synthesis and expression of NGF.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an established imaging tool in oncology that has also been used in infectious and inflammatory diseases. PET combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) can be used to visualize metabolic activity with precise localization. We report an infant with late presentation of poststernotomy mediastinitis, the diagnosis and localization of which was confirmed by PET/CT. An 8-month old infant, who had undergone the Jatene procedure and right ventricle outflow reconstruction 6 months prior, was admitted for inflammation surrounding the superior aspect of the healed scar. Cultures from the wound grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although the only symptom was discharge from the wound, and there were no other signs or symptoms suggestive of severe general infection, substernal abscess was suspected by magnetic resonance imaging. Since PET/CT revealed high accumulation of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose at the substernal region, the diagnosis of MRSA mediastinitis was made, which was confirmed by subsequent surgical treatment.

Recent technical advances in the detection of backscattered electrons during scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have improved resolution and have provided several new technologies for research and clinical practice in kidney disease. The advances include three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy (3D-EM), correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), low-vacuum SEM (LVSEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). 3D-EM analysis used to be laborious, but recently three different technologies, serial block-face SEM, focused ion beam SEM, and array tomography, have made 3D-EM easier by automating sectioning and the subsequent image acquisition in an SEM. CLEM is a method to correlate light microscopic images, especially immunofluorescent and electron microscopy images, providing detailed ultrastructure of the area of interest where the immunofluorescent marker is located. LVSEM enables the use of SEM on materials with poor electron conductivity. For example, LVSEM makes it possible for high resolution, 3D observation of paraffin sections. Finally, STEM is a method to observe ultrathin sections with improved resolution by using the focused electron beam scanning used in SEM and not the broad electron beam used in transmission electron microscopy. These technical advances in electron microscopy are promising to provide plenty of novel insights for understanding the pathogenesis and diagnosis of various glomerular diseases.

Objective：To assess the effects of immobilization on the three-dimensional microstructure of cortical and cancellous bone.

Methods：Eight-week-old specific-pathogen-free Wistar rats were divided into two groups：the control (n＝12) and immobilized group (n＝12). The hind limbs of the rats in the immobilized group were fixed using orthopedic casts for 4 weeks. The cortical bone at the mid-shaft and the cancellous bone at the distal metaphysis of the femur were analyzed using micro-computed tomography.

Results：The values of total cross-sectional area, cortical bone area, and cortical thickness in the immobilized group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the relative bone volume (bone volume/total volume) and mean trabecular thickness in the immobilized group decreased and the structure model index significantly increased compared with the values in the control group (P＜0.05).

Conclusion：Our rat model can evaluate the effects of load-permitting immobilization. The results of this study indicate that structural changes in immobilized osteopenia-affected bone arise mainly from thinning of the cortex and reduction of cancellous bone volume caused by a reduction of trabecular width.

OBJECTIVETo examine adaptive changes in the shape of the upper airway during titrated mandibular advancement. Furthermore, to understand the mechanism of mandible-adjustable therapy to improve the ventilation.

METHODSFourteen non-apnea participated in the study. A custom-made oral device was used to keep the mandible in titrated advancement at 0% (F0), 50% (F50), 75% (F75), 100% (F100) of the maximum advancement. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the difference in the shape of upper-airway in these 4 positions. Changes in the anteroposterior direction (AP), lateral direction (Lat) and its ratio (AP/Lat) were calculated, which were transformed into the percentage of the original ones.

RESULTSThe dose-dependent decrease of AP/Lat was found when the mandible was advanced (P = 0.0001). Lateral change rate in percentage increased by degrees (P = 0.0023), while the increase of anteroposterior change rate in percentage showed no statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONThe shape of upper airway tended to be less round. The enlargement of upper airway during titrated mandibular advancement was mainly the result of enlargement in lateral direction.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mandible ; anatomy & histology ; Mandibular Advancement ; Palate, Soft ; anatomy & histology ; Pharynx ; anatomy & histology

The purpose of this study was to explore the burden of introducing LCP-J in two wards（medical oncology and respiratory medicine）in Tohoku University Hospital. We administered audit evaluations about dying cancer patients and interviewed 2 doctors and 8 nurses regarding LCP-J intervention. LCP-J was used for 22 patients（38％）, and no significant difference in infusion, potent opioid analgesic and sedative medication within last 48 hours were seen between users and nonusers. Responses were categorized into［confirm directions about dying care among health care professionals］, and［training in dying care in a structured way］as usefulness facets of the LCP-J, and［difficulty in assessment of dying］,［burden of health care professionals］, and［difficulty using LCP-J without knowledge and training in dying care］as burdens of the LCP-J. We explored the burden of LCP-J in general wards, and found that use of the LCP-J could need education in dying care and backup of the palliative care team.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is currently the most common chronic liver disease, affecting up to 25% of the global population. Simple fatty liver, in which fat is deposited in the liver without fibrosis, has been regarded as a benign disease in the past, but it is now known to be prognostic. In the future, more emphasis should be placed on the quantification of liver fat. Traditionally, fatty liver has been assessed by histological evaluation, which requires an invasive examination; however, technological innovations have made it possible to evaluate fatty liver by non-invasive imaging methods, such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, quantitative as well as qualitative measurements for the detection of fatty liver have become available. In this review, we summarize the currently used qualitative evaluations of fatty liver and discuss quantitative evaluations that are expected to further develop in the future.