Objective: There are few reports of the long-term outcomes of elderlypatients with prostate cancer. We analyzed data from our institution from the past 12years, including the patient history, treatment methods, and prognosis of patients withprostate cancer aged 80 years or more.

Patients and Methods: A total of 179 cases of prostate cancer in patientsaged 80 years or more were retrospectively evaluated. We divided them chronologically intogroups A, B, C, and D: Group A included 40 cases from 2002–2004; Group B, 48 cases from2005–2007; Group C, 46 cases from 2008–2010; and Group D, 45 cases from 2011–2013.

Results: Sixty-one (30%) patients changed treatment course. Interestingly,no cancer deaths occurred in the patients who changed treatment course. Although 14 (7.8%)cancer deaths occurred (A: B: C: D = 4: 4: 6: 0, respectively), all occurred in 2011 orlater.

Conclusion: In our study, over 50 patients who underwent treatment survivedfor 5 years or more. By treating prostate cancer in elderly patients when appropriate, wecan lower the mortality rate due to prostate cancer. Our results support the activetreatment of prostate cancer in elderly patients.

1)The Keio ACLS Popularizing and Promoting Association (KAPPA) is an official student organization that promotes advanced life support techniques.
2)KAPPA has provided 29 advanced cardiac life support courses, including 20 official ICLS (immediate cardiac life support) courses of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine, which have trained 314 ICLS providers and 61 ICLS instructors during the past 8 years.
3)Peer–led training among students to maintain the quality of the courses has contributed to the activities of KAPPA.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of tegafur–uracil (UFT), a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, plus cisplatin and dexamethasone in patients with docetaxel-refractory prostate cancers.

Methods: Twenty-five patients with docetaxel-refractory prostate cancer were administered oral UFT plus intravenous cisplatin (UFT-P therapy) and dexamethasone. Treatment responses were assessed monthly via prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level measurements. Treatment-related adverse events and overall survival were also assessed.

Results: UFT-P therapy resulted in decreased PSA levels in 14 (56%) patients and increased PSA levels in 11 (44%). In patients with increased PSA levels, 7 (64%) of the 11 patients displayed decreased PSA doubling times. The UFT-P therapy response rate was 84% (21/25 patients). Imaging studies revealed that tumor shrinkage during UFT-P therapy occurred in 1 patient in whom bilateral hydronephrosis caused by lymph node metastasis improved. The median survival time from docetaxel initiation was 36 months. In UFT-P-treated patients, the median PSA progression and overall survival times were 6 and 14 months, respectively. UFT-P treatment-related adverse events were mild diarrhea, general fatigue, and anorexia. Treatment was not discontinued for any of the patients. UFT-P therapy did not cause serious hepatic or renal dysfunction or pancytopenia.

Conclusions: UFT-P therapy is a safe and effective treatment for patients with docetaxel-refractory prostate cancer, although large-scale, multicenter, prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.

Background: We evaluated the effectiveness of gemcitabine and paclitaxel therapy in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma for whom two lines of sequential chemotherapy had been unsuccessful.

Methods: A total number of 105 patients who had previously received first-line chemotherapy consisting of gemcitabine and cisplatin or carboplatin, were treated with second-line gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy between June 2006 and May 2015. Of these patients, 15 with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status of 0 or 1 were administered gemcitabine and paclitaxel as third-line treatment from 2013 after failure of the second-line therapy. For each 21-day cycle, gemcitabine (1000 mg/m²) was administered on days 1, 8, and 15, and paclitaxel (200 mg/m²) on day 1. Patients were assessed for each cycle and any adverse events were noted. Furthermore, a Short Form Health Survey questionnaire was used to assess each patient’s quality of life.

Results: Third-line gemcitabine and paclitaxel treatment cycles were undertaken for a median of four times (range 2–9). The disease control rate was 80.0%. After second-line gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy was completed, median progression-free survival and median overall survival were determined as 9.8 and 13.0 months, respectively. The only prognostic factor for overall survival, as determined by univariate and multivariate analyses, was third-line gemcitabine and paclitaxel therapy. Neutropenia (66.7%) and thrombocytopenia (53.3%) were noted as the grade 3 treatment-related toxicities. After two cycles of third-line gemcitabine and paclitaxel therapy, the pre- and post-treatment quality of life scores did not differ significantly.

Conclusions: Results demonstrate that third-line combination therapy using gemcitabine and paclitaxel is a feasible option for metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients.

Objectives: Gauze remnants form gauzeomas after surgery, if infection has not occurred. We present a case of gauzeoma diagnosed after surgery.Patient: A 72-year-old man noticed a mass in his lower abdomen. He had undergone surgery for left inguinal hernia 21 years ago. A retroperitoneal mass was found on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and he was then referred to our hospital. A detailed abdominal ultrasonography, CT, and MRI revealed a cystic mass with a bulkhead-like structure near the bladder. These findings indicated the possibility of a malignant cyst; hence, an open surgery was performed to excise the mass. Macroscopically, the specimen was clearly bound, covered with a capsule, and filled with pus and had a gauze inside.Results: Based on the patient history and position of the mass, it was diagnosed as gauzeoma, which had strayed into the retroperitoneal cavity during the surgery for inguinal hernia.Conclusion: The imaging findings of gauzeoma are diverse; hence, it is often difficult to diagnose without surgery. However, gauzeoma can be lethal if the cystic mass is infected; thus, it is important to diagnose it correctly.

A 76-year-old Japanese man visited a nearby medical clinic complaining of abdominal distention. He had undergone extraperitoneal laparoscopic prostatectomy at our institution 5 months before the onset of abdominal distention. An imaging study revealed a large cystic lesion, and biochemical examination of a sample obtained via cyst puncture led to a diagnosis of lymphocele. As the lymphocele was resistant to puncture, drainage, and sclerotherapy with minomycin, laparoscopic fenestration was performed. Although the patient developed an adhesive ileus postoperatively, the cyst has not recurred. Fenestration surgery is a feasible option for lymphocele refractory to various conservative therapies.

Introduction: Cabazitaxel (CBZ) is used worldwide for castration-resistant prostate cancer after docetaxel treatment. In July 2014 the drug was approved in Japan with the same induction dose used for Caucasian patients. In this study, we examined and compared the results of an initial low-dose CBZ treatment in patients admitted to our hospital.Patients and Methods: Between July 2014 and August 2018, sixteen mCRPC patients were enrolled and underwent a low-dose CBZ treatment at our hospital. We compared the results with those of a Japanese metastatic docetaxel- and castration-resistant prostate cancer Phase I study.Results: The median patient age was 77 years (range, 53–84 years). Of the 16 patients, eight (50%) had a lymph node metastasis and 11 (68.8%) had a distant metastasis, 10 of whom had only a bone metastasis. The median dose of CBZ was 30 mg (range, 20–32 mg) and the median number of CBZ cycles was 2.5 (range, 1–18). The PSA level of 9 (56.3%) patients decreased after CBZ treatment, including 4 (25%) who showed a decrease to <50%. The median time interval in which the PSA level decreased was 2 months (range, 1–18 months). The observed adverse events (AE) were neutropenia (31.3%), febrile neutropenia (6.3%), fatigue (43.8%), nausea (18.8%), diarrhea (12.5%), decreased appetite (25%), dysgeusia (6.3%), white blood cell count decrease (43.8%), platelet count decrease (12.3%), and anemia (75%). However, no patient listed an AE as the reason for discontinuing the treatment.Conclusions: Even at a low dose, CBZ could improve the PSA value in patients with CRPC previously treated with docetaxel. Dose reduction and prophylactic administration of sustained G-CSF were also safe treatment options. Further studies involving an introduction period including a modulation of duration and dose are necessary, especially in Japanese patients.