This study analyzed the genetic evolution of neuraminidases (NAs) of influenza A subtype N9 viruses with the aim of determining the genetic origin of the novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus. The NA sequences of influenza A subtype N9 viruses available from NCBI were used to construct a phylogenetic tree using the programs ClustalX 2.0 and MEGA 6.0. This analysis indicated that the novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus is located in the modern Eurasian phylogenetic cluster. This cluster was then further analyzed by estimating the overall rate of evolutionary change and the selective pressure at the nucleotide level using the program BEAST 2.1.2 and the web interface Datamonkey, and by generating an amino acid sequence entropy plot using Bioedit software. In this cluster, the mean rate of nucleotide substitutions in NA was found to be 3.8354 x 10(-3) and the mean ratio of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitutions per site (dN/dS) was 0.140413. A particularly high level of amino acid mutation entropy was identified at nucleotides 16, 19, 40, 53, 81, 84, 112, 256, 335, 359, and 401. This genetic evolution analysis suggests that the nucleotide substitutions that characterize the novel avian A/H7N9 influenza virus neuraminidase are likely to result from the overall genetic evolution of influenza A subtype N9 virus NAs, and not from selective stress. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the influenza A virus (A/duck/Siberia/700/1996(H11N9)) isolated in 1996 appears to be the common ancestor of the more recent influenza A subtype N9 viruses NAs.
Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Birds ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; chemistry ; enzymology ; genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuraminidase ; chemistry ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

As a molecular switch,Rho can be transformed between the inactive GDP-bound form and the active GTP-bound form,transfering signals to downstream effector Rho kinase (ROCK),mediating specific biological effects,and participating in various neurological diseases, such as the pathological processes of ischemic stroke,cerebral vasospasm,and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury.The application of ROCK inhibitor in the treatment of neurological diseases has achieved satisfactory effect.Rho/ROCK is expected to become a novel therapeutic target.

Objective To observe the changes in endothelin(ET), nitric oxide(NO) and C-reactive protein(CRP) before and after the rosiglitazone therapy in patients with impaired glucose tolerance(IGT). Methods 72 IGT patients were divided randomly into 2 groups: rosiglitazone group(n=45) and placebo group(n=27). 15 weeks later, the efficacy of rosiglitazone was compared. Results The levels of ET, CRP were decreased and NO increased significantly in rosiglitazone group compared with those before treatment (ET 54.8±10.0 pg/ml vs 72.8±24.3 pg/ml, P<0.01;CRP 4.58±0.38 mg/L vs 5.99± 0.85mg/L, P<0.01 ; NO 41.0±10.0 μmol/L. vs 31.3±9.0 μmol/L, P<0. 01)). However, the levels of ET,CRP and NO in placebo group did not change singnificantly (P>0. 05). Conclusions Rosiglitazone can singnificantly improve ET, NO, CRP level in IGT patients, which means an additional effect of rosiglitazone on the correlation of inflammation and endothelial disturbance.

Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Objective To study the handicap of hearing and brain stem function in cerebral palsy children through determining their brainstem auditory evoked potential(BAEP).Methods BAEP were analyzed in 75 cases admissioned cerebral palsy children with MYTO type evoked potential equipment(made in Italy).Results The data showed that the abnormal BAEP rate was 72%(54/72),abnormity manifests as infaust differentiation of brainstem waves in diverse level,the latencies of wave Ⅰ,the interpeak latencies(IPLS) of wave Ⅰ～Ⅲ,Ⅲ～Ⅴ of BAEP in children with cerebral palsy were prolonged,the ratios of Ⅴ/Ⅰ wave amplitude was abnormal.Conclusion BAEP can be used to find out the changes of hearing handicap and brainstem function in children with cerebral palsy.

Objective:To investigate the expression of TGF-?1 and its clinical significance in colorectal carcinoma(CRC).Methods:The expression of TGF-?1 in seventy patients with CRC and 10 normal colorectal mucosal tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry,and the expression of TGF-?1 was analyzed with relation to clinicopathologic factors and post-operative survival.Results:Compared with the normal colorectal mucosal tissues,the expression of TGF-?1 in CRC was higher.The overexpression of TGF-?1 is associated with lymph node metastasis,Dukes staging and poor prognosis in patients with CRC.Conclusion:TGF-?1 stimulates CRC cells infiltration and metastasis.The expression of TGF-?1 appears to be a new prognostic factor for the prediction of outcome in patients with CRC.

With the implement of inverted burden of proof,the work of clinical practice and teaching faces challenge. At present, more aspects of clinical medicine and practice teaching are not suitable for the new rule, and they have affected and restricted the improvement of quality of clinical practice teaching. It is necessary for interns and clinical tutors to study the new rule and suit its demands. Only in this way can the quality of clinical medicine, teaching and practice be improved.

AIM:To research the effect of safflower in renal intertistial fibrosis by GFR and renal biopsypathology with Sprague-Dnwley(SD) rat model.METHODS:All rats were distributed into 6 groups.Group A was normal control,group B received sham operation,group C was vehicle control,group D received vehicle,group E received safflower(10(g?kg~(-1)) body(wt?d~(-1))),and group F received enalapril((12.5)(mg?kg~(-1)) body(wt?d~(-1))).Rats underwent reversible left renal vein obstruction for 6 d,after which the obstruction was relieved.Renal function was determined by measuring GFR with inulin clearances.Both renal tubular epithelial cells(RTECs) and fibronection deposition for renal interstitial fibrosis were identified by immunohistochemistry.The positive and negative areas of per slice was determined by a motic medical 6.0 graphical analytical system.Atrophic tubules were determined by measuring the tubule diameter.10 fields per slice were analyzed at ?400 magnification.RESULTS:Return of glomerular filtration rate(GFR) was seen in group E and goup F,which was significantly better than group D(P

Objective: To investigate the optic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Methods: Patients with suspected NMO underwent brain, spinal cord and the optic MRI scanning and imaging analysis; 41 patients who met the latest diagnosis criteria of NMO were enrolled in the present study and were the followed up. The MRI characteristics of the optic nerves at different stages were analyzed, and 32 healthy volunteers served as control. The results of visual evoked potential (VEP) were analyzed retrospectively to investigate whether there was difference between the positive rate of VEP and MRI findings. Results: MRI imaging showed that the shape of bilateral optic nerves was straight in healthy volunteers, and just a moiety of the optic showed slightly higher signal. In NMO patients, signals of the optic at unilateral or bilateral side were obviously intensified and appeared like railway lines, which was different from healthy volunteers. In acute phase, 22 (53.7%) patients were accompanied by optic swelling and/or distortion, 31 (76.5%) had enhanced T1 WI, and 17 (41.5%) had high-point signal in the optic nerve. In the remission stage, 15 (36.6%) had their optic nerves atrophied, thinned or even distorted on unilateral and/or bilateral side. At the end of the study, 35 (80.5%) showed high-point signal in the optic nerve. The overall sensitivity of MRI was 94.6%, but in acute phase the sensitivity was just 43.6%, indicating the sensitivity of MRI was time-dependent and was not as sensitive as VEP. Conclusion: MRI can clearly demonstrate the changes at different stages of optic nerve atherosclerosis in NMO patients. MRI may be the first choice for diagnosis of NMO.