Closing volume (CV) along with vital capacity (VC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV) were determined on seven swimmers and seven physical education students in three positions (standing, supine, and prone) both in air and during head out water immersion. Lung volumes were also measured during bicycling and swimming to clarify if airway closure, as measured by CV, occurred during tidal ventilation in exercise.
CV/VC and CC/TLC in standing position in air were significantly lower in our subjects than standard values obtained by Buist, A.S, and Leblance, P. This may suggest that the lung elastic recoil was increased by physical training.
There was no difference among CV's measured in three positions, but CV increased when subject was immersed in water.
Tidal volume (TV) in rest sitting position in air was in middle level of VC, and expanded evenly toward both expiratory and inspiratory sides with the increase of work load in bicycling. The level of tidal ventilation in rest supine position in air was lower than that in sitting position, and the increase in TV took place at the expense of IRV rather than ERV. FRC fell at rest in water, and the mean respiratory level shifted toward inspiratory side to increase ERV and FRC and to decrease IRV as the smimming speed increased.
FRC and CC got close in supine bicycling, suggesting the increased probability of airway closure within the range of tidal ventilation level. CC was much less than FRC in other types of exercise.

Maximum expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume curves (MEFV, MIFV) along with vital capacity (VC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV) were determined on 7 swimmers and 7 physical education students (control group) in three positions (standing, supine and prone) both in air and during head out water immertion, in order to analyze the effects of body positions, immersion and swimming training on their lung mechanics.
Total lung capacity in standing position decreased in water as a result of decrease in both VC and RV. The ERV in standing position significantly fell in water, while IRV increased. Lung volumes both in supine and prone position did not change significantly in water except an increase in ERV in supine position. The fact that lung volumes decreased more in the standing position in water than horizontal positions probably means that the thorax and abdomen in standing position is more sensitively influenced by the hydrostatic pressure compared with horizontal positions. Lung volumes of the swimmer tended to be larger than that of the control group, while the influence of immersion on lung volumes was similar for the both groups.
Peak flow rate (Vp) was smaller during inspiration than during expiration. Vp decreased more eminently during inspiration in water, while it tended to decrease in water during both expiration and inspiration. When body position turned from standing to supine or prone, Vp tended to decrease, and influence of postural change on Vp was more marked during inspiration than during expiration. By contrast, V₅₀, V₂₅ and VV were notably larger during inspiration than during expiration. These indexes tended to decrease in water during both expiration and inspiration.
The difference in dynamic lung mechanics between the swimmer and the control group appeared more apparently during inspiration than during expiration, and the swimmer showed significantly higher Vp, V₅₀, V₂₅, and VV in inspiration than the control group probably due to the effect of their swimming training.

Oxygen uptake and cardiorespiratory parameters were measured during submaximal and maximal work in flume swimming, bicycling and treadmill running, in order to compare physiological responses of swimmers to those three types of exercise. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the level of swimming training, i, e., 5 less trained water polo players (group A), 5 male well trained college swimmers (group B) and 14 male elite swimmers (group C) .
V_2max during swimming in group A (3.11 1/min) was 5% lower than during bicy cling, while those in group B (3.63 1/min) and C (4.12 1/min) were 9% and 11% higher, respectively. Comparing with running, Vo_2max during swimming was 19% lower in group A, and was about the same in group B.
V_E and V_E/ Vo₂ were lower during submaximal and maximal swimming compared with bicyling and running, in all groups except the maximal work of group C. Lower V_E during swimming resulted from lower f as well as lower V_T. The difference in V_A between during swimming and during running, bicycling was small compared with that in V_E.
Q during swimming increased almost linearly with Vo₂ in all groups. At a given Vo_2submax, Q was about the same in three types of exercise. Q during maximal swimming in group A (19.7 1/min) and B (21.3 1/min) were similar compared with bicycling, but were 16% and 11% lower compared with running, respectively. Q_max during swimming in group C (23.8 1/min) was 5% higher compared with bicycling.
HR increased almost linealy with Vo₂ in all exercise. At a given Vo_2submax, HR was 4-5 beats/min less during running than during bicycling, and was 10-20 beats/min less during swimming than during those two types of exercise. HR_max was lower during swimming compared with bicycling or running in all groups. A similar Q at submaximal work during three types of exercise resulted from higher SV and lower HR in swimming.

Eighty healthy males aged from 26 to 34 years were studied to evaluate the effects of regular physical training on body composition, respiratory functions, circulatory functions, blood constituents, and physical fitness. The physical training consisted of jogging, volleyball, handball, socker, judo, fencing, and others. The combination of these sports were assigned to all the subjects to be performed for 130 minutes every week-day from April, 1979 to January, 1980.
1) The subjects had, on the average, 518 g of carbohydrate, 125 g of protein including 74 g of animal protein, and 85 g of fat summing up to 3300 kcal a day. These nutrients intake was 30% to 50% excess over the normal value for male Japanese of the corresponding age. Body weight, however, did not change and body fat decreased in spite of large excess food intake. Serum HDL-cholesterol increased and atherogenic index decreased. These facts lead to a conclusion that the noxious effects of overeating can be cancelled by physical activity.
2) Pulse wave velocity of the aorta which reflects the elasticity of the aortic wall decreased. This means that changes in the physical property of the aorta due to aging process can be reversed through physical training. Decrease in pulse wave velocity dose not always mean the regression of atherosclerosis, but the additional findings such as decrease in body fat and in atherogenic index and increase in HDL-cholesterol support the possibility of regression of aterosclerosis by physical activity.
3) The results of physical fitness test indicated marked improvement of physical abilities which reflect muscular strength, muscular power, muscular endurance, body flexibility, agility, anaerobic power, and aerobic power.

We present seven cases of insomnia successfully treated with hochuekkito. Two patients showed improvement of their insomnia after taking hochuekkito before going to bed, and three patients showed improvement after taking hochuekkito twice per day. The other two patients could sleep better after adding hochuekkito to other Kampo formulations. All these patients were light sleepers, and became easily tired, excessive sleepy after meals, and had daytime sleepiness. However, they had no gastrointestinal symptoms, such as appetite loss. Five of the seven patients reported waking up feeling better after taking hochuekkito. Two other Kampo formulations, sansoninto and kihito, were also given to patients with deficient constitution, who complained of insomnia. Sansoninto and kihito are formulae that compensate for qui and blood deficiency. Kihito contains more herbs with beneficial effects on “spleen and stomach”, and “heart” functions more than sansoninto, and therefore, kihito may be preferred for patients with a more deficient constitution. The reason why our patients were able to sleep more deeply and wake up smoothly with hochuekkito may be that they exhibited remarkable qui deficiency, showing general fatigue, excessive sleepiness after meals, and daytime sleepiness, but without the symptoms of blood deficiency, such as palpitations or uneasiness, being easily frightened or forgetful, or showing anemia or bleeding.

The median time of brain metastasis from the diagnosis of breast cancer is approximately 3 years. In this case report, a 69-year-old woman demonstrated cerebellar ataxia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed enhanced lesions in bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. She had undergone surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy for uterine and breast cancer 24 years prior and 16 years prior, respectively. Although she had not received any anticancer treatment for 10 years, no recurrences were identified using whole body scans. A partial tumor resection was performed and the histological diagnosis was an adenocarcinoma from breast cancer. As no extracranial lesions were found, gamma-knife irradiation was performed, without additional systemic chemotherapy. One month posttreatment, the tumors dramatically reduced in size and the patient completely recovered from cerebellar ataxia. Systemic chemotherapy is not always required for brain metastasis from breast cancer with a long interval period, as long as no evidence of extracranial recurrence is detected.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aged ; Brain* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cerebellar Ataxia ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Prognosis ; Recurrence* ; Whole Body Imaging