Radical changes were made last year in the educational program of liberal arts at Juntendo University School of Medicine. The number of required courses was decreased, and students were given more freedom to choose electives. A survey at the end of the first semester evaluating the reforms showed great satisfaction on both sides: students were highly motivated to study, and the teachers were ready to answer their needs.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the effect of physical exercise in daily lives of healthy women on the aging process in terms of maximal aerobic capacity (VO₂max), body fat tissue mass (FTM), lean tissue mass (LTM), bone mineral density (BMD), serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations, and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) . These parameters are considered as risk factors of cerebrovascular disease and/or osteoporosis, which are the main causes of becoming bedridden and demented in middle-aged and older women. One hundred sixty-five healthy female volunteers aged 20 to 76 years participated in the study, 82 of whom were postmenopausal with a mean age at menopause of 49.7±3.1 years. Eighty-two of the subjects had been exercising regularly by jogging, swimming, aerobic dancing, or playing tennis more than twice a week for 2 years (Ex group), whereas 83 individuals had not been engaging in regular exercise (Cont group) . Serum lipid concentrations, SBP and DBP measurements at rest and treadmill VO₂max and HRmax measurements were determined in the morning after an overnight fast. Whole-body BMD (TBMD), head, lumbar, arm and leg BMD, FTM and LTM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry one to two hours after a light lunch. The mean and SD of each measurement were calculated for five-year age groups between 40 and 60 years and one group each under 40 and over 60 years.
The results were as follows:
1, VO₂max (r=-0.590) and HRmax (r=-0.632) decreased significantly with age. The VO₂max of the Ex group was significantly higher than that of the Cont group in all each age groups. However, no differences in the aging process in terms of HRmax were found between the two groups.
2, Resting SBP (r=-0.391) and DBP (r=0.315) increased significantly with age. However, no hypertensive individuals (160/95 mmHg-) were found among the 165 subjects.
3. Only serum TC (r=0.346) and LDL-C (r=0.339) among the blood constituents measured changed with age. No changes in serum HDL-C were detected with age. Lower TC (189.2±23.3 mg/dl) and higher HDL-C (72.2±10.9 mg/dl) were observed in eleven runners (49.7±7.7 years) among the subjects who participated frequently in official races than in subjects of the same ages in the Cont group. The highest serum HDL-C (75.8±15.8 mg/dl) and HDLC/TC ratios (0.362) were noticed among the subjects (n=26) who both regularly exercised and consumed alcoholic beverages.
4. A tendency for FTM to increase and LTM to decrease with age were observed in both groups, and a lower %FTM (percentage of FTM to body weight) and higher %LTM were evident in the Ex group. Differences in %FTM and %LTM between the Ex and Cont groups at 40-45 years were significant.
5. Partial and whole BMDs decreased significantly with age (TBMD-Age ; r=- 0.527) . Significantly higher leg BMDs in both the 20-39-year and 40-45-year groups, and spine and TBMD in the 20-39 years in the Ex group, who were premenopausal women, were shown. No significant differences in BMDs between the two groups were observed in postmenopausal women, but the Ex group tended to have higher partial and whole BMDs. The postmenopausal official race runners (n=5.52.6-1.5years) also had higher TBMD and leg BMD values than subjects of the same ages in the Cont group.
6. Investigation of correlations between VO₂max, LTM, FTM, BMDs and serum lipid concentrations, yielded a significantly higher correlation (r=0.669) between LTM (kg) and absolute VO₂max (1/mm) . Although VO₂max per LTM (VO₂max/LTM) decreased with age (r=-0.595), VO₂max/LTM in the Ex group was significantly higher than in the Cont group in each age group. The VO₂max per body weight (ml/kg/min) was negatively correlated with %FTM (r=-0.442) and positively correlated with

We studied the effect of bath products consisting of sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate on living subjects when these products are used with herbal ginseng extract as a trial for a new bath product; changes in dynamic circulation were used as indicators.
Experiments were conducted from December 1990 to February 1991 on 20 subjects consisting of healthy male adults (35.6±8.9 years).
Two types of bath products were used. One consists of sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate and the other was the combination of the former with ginseng extracted by alcohol. Twenty five grams of each product was dissolved in 200 liters of water.
As indicators of dynamic circulation, skin surface temperature on thorax, abdomen, dorsal side of hand and dorsum of foot, volume of blood flow in leg skin (on tibia), deep body temperature in frontal region and right calf, electrocardiograph, blood pressure, and the volume of the pulsewave in the right index finger and big toe were measured. After the experiment, each subject's opinion was gathered through a questionnaire.
The experiment was performed in an air conditioned room (26°C and 50% humidity) with bathing at 41°C for 10 minutes. The value of each indicator was measured before bathing and 15, 30, 45, and 60min after bathing.
Although no significant differences in measured values were found between the two kinds of bathing, we observed faster decrease in skin temperature and faster lowering of blood flow rate in the ginseng bath group as compared with the control group. We also noted a decreased difference in pulsewave height between upper and lower extremities after bathing in the ginseng bath group, but not in the control group. This response was observed solely in the ginseng bath group because a significant increase in pulsewave height occurred in the big toe while no increase is observed in the fingers in contrast to the control group.
Faster decrease in blood flow rate in the skin and increase in pulsewave height caused by the exposure to the same temperature imply increased heat conducting distance and interruption of heat transfer from deep areas to the skin. We therefore conclude that ginseng bathing is effective in keeping the body warm. The results of inquiries after bathing indicated that many subjects felt that ginseng bathing tended to warm their bodies.
As a result of using ginseng extracted by alcohol with bath products consisting of sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate, differences in peripheral vessel resistance between extremities tended to decrease after bathing. We consider that this is due to the improved general circulation throughout the whole body.

A 73-year-old woman suffered from ruptured aortic arch aneurysm into mediastinum. The patient was treated by thoracic endovascular aortic repair with the double-chimney graft technique. Three days later, computed tomography (CT) revealed type 1a endoleak (EL) between the chimney grafts. Ten days later, the patient was treated by coil embolization of the aneurysm from the left subclavian artery. The patient recovered, and was without aortic aneurysm events during six months of follow up.

Objective: In the previous study, the CYP database was constructed in order to relate drug-drug interactions to the CYP metabolic information of the package inserts.  In this study, we evaluated the clinical usefulness of the CYP database by using the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) Drug Monitoring Information.
Methods: We examined the drugs in CYP isoform responsible for drug metabolism.  The age, sex, suspect drugs and co-administered drugs were extracted from 6,236 cases of the PMDA database of drug monitoring from January till November of 2008.
Results: Twenty-three percent of all cases had co-administered drugs.  Forty-five percent of these cases were metabolized both suspect and co-administered drugs by the same CYP isoform, and three fourths of these cases were able to be detected only by the CYP database.  In addition, the administration of substrate medicines in combination with substrate medicines was the largest (57%), followed by cases of substrate medicines in combination with inhibitor medicines (28%).  Seventy-seven percent of the suspect drugs that had a large number of reported cases of side effects were substrate medicines, and the frequency of co-administration with substrate medicines was very high.
Conclusion: These data suggest that the CYP database, being used together with package inserts, might be a clinically useful tool to avoid adverse events caused by drug-drug interactions.

Scientific elucidation of “oketsu (blood stasis)” states is very important to understanding the diagnostic methods of oriental medicine. We investigated the correlation of blood fluidity to oketsu states, by micro channel array flow analyzer (MC-FAN). Twenty-seven female patients were divided into three groups: a non-oketsu group, a mildly affected group, and a severely affected group according to the diagnostic criteria of their oketsu syndrome. Immediately after collecting their venous blood, whole blood passage time was measured by MC-FAN. And we compared and investigated the correlation with degree of oketsu state, diagnostic criteria and changes of whole blood passage time after the administration of ku-oketsu drugs. As a result, whole-blood passage time of the mildly affected group and the severely affected group were significantly longer than that of the non-oketsu group, while the [an] improvement of blood fluidity was observed after medication. This study confirms that reduced blood fluidity is seen using MC-FAN in oketsu states, and that ku-oketsu drugs are able to improve these states.

Nationwide common achievement test system for entering clinical clerkship will formally start from December 2005. Before the start, four times trial examination were carried out. Based on these trials, some problems for the test sytem were pointed out. We have analysed the problems proposed to induce more suitable examination system.

Swelling and pain appear when blood flow is delayed in states of “oketsu.” Until now “oketsu” as a circulatory disturbance has been studied from profiles of vascular resistance characteristics and blood fluidity. Blood fluidity is influenced by blood cell function, plasma ingredients and reactive oxygen. In this study, we administered the various Chinese herbal medicines, tokishakuyakusan, saikokaryukotsuboreito, tokakujokito, keishibukuryogan and juzentaihoto to determine the effect of these medicines on “oketsu” by observing reactive oxygen dynamics and blood fluidity in rats.SPF male Wistar rats weighing 200 g were used. Each experimental group was given feed containing 3% extract of one Chinese herbal medicine for1week. Blood samples were mixed with heparin, EDTA-2K or sodium citrate to block coagulation. Blood fluidity was measured with a Micro Channel Array Flow Analyzer (MC-FAN). A PA-20 examined platelet aggregation by the reaction to ADP, which activates platelet aggregation. Reactive oxygen dynamics were measured with a Free Radical Elective Evaluator (FREE).As a result, anti-oxidative ability and blood fluidity increased in all Chinese herbal medicine-administered groups. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between the fluidity of erythrocyte suspensions and anti-oxidative ability was shown. We speculate that an anti-oxidative influence of Chinese herbal medicines affected erythroid deformability or stickiness. In addition, tokishakuyakusan, tokakujokito and keishibukuryogan decreased platelet aggregation ability.This study shows that “oketsu” improves blood properties and suggests that Chinese herbal medicine improves decrease in blood fluidity, the causes of conditions such as thrombosis or embolism.

The effects of exercise and dietary therapy on the prevention of diabetic nephropathy (DN) were compared. Thirty-two male OLETF rats were divided into four groups (Ex, Diet, Sed, Pre) . Fourteen LETO rats served as the normal controls. Therapy was conducted for 10 weeks from age 22 to 31 weeks. The Ex group was trained by voluntary exercise, and the Diet group had a restricted food intake resulting in the same BW as that of the Ex group. The Ex developed a significant increase in urinary albumin excretion compared to the Diet group, although significantly less than the Sed group. Blood pressure in the Ex group showed a tendency to be higher during therapy. BW and serum lipids were significantly reduced, and glucose intolerance was improved in both the Ex and Diet groups. There were no differences in the metabolic indices between the Ex and Diet groups. The Ex group showed a significantly heavier kidney weight and a tendency for enlargement of the glomerular area and volume. The protective effect of DN through improvement of the metabolic dis-order by exercise might be offset by exercise-induced renal loads. Control of exercise intensity and blood pressure appear to be important as well as the improvement of glucose intolerance and lipid metabolisms in exercise therapy to prevent an occurrence and development of DN.

Clinical training programs play an extremely important role in the new postgraduate clinical training system introduced in 2004 because facilities for clinical training now include various health-related institutions in addition to the university hospitals and special hospitals for clinical training used in the previous system. Although educational goals have been established by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, trainees may have difficulty achieving these goals, even under the guidance of staff at the various facilities. There are differences in the function and quality of health-related institutions in the community. For the practical and convenient application of educational goals, we have attempted develop a “model program” to supplement the objectives indicated by the learning goals with more specific objectives. These supplementary objectives can be modified by individual institutions. We hope that this “model program” contributes to the development of objectives for each institution and helps improve the quality of the postgraduate training system in Japan.