1. Infant mortality in a deprived area of Papua New Guinea: priorities for antenatal services and health education
P. Garner ; P. Heywood ; M. Baea ; D. Lai ; T. Smith
Papua New Guinea medical journal 1996;39(1):6-11
This cross-sectional study of women was conducted in a deprived area of Papua New Guinea with an estimated infant mortality rate of 133/1000 live births. Mortality patterns derived from birth histories showed that neonatal deaths contribute proportionally more to infant mortality than postneonatal deaths, emphasizing the need for better care at delivery. To examine possible mechanisms for intervention, pregnant women were interviewed to determine patterns of antenatal clinic use, antimalarial drugs and micronutrient supplements given, and how much the women smoked. The results showed that the health system was failing to implement current routine supplementation and prophylaxis regimens, and that there was a need to revise national guidelines. A large proportion of pregnant women smoked during pregnancy, and this behaviour could be a target for future public health campaigns and health worker promotion advice to women.
PIP: A cross-sectional study conducted in 20 randomly selected villages in the impoverished Wosera Subdistrict, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in 1989 assessed infant mortality, antenatal attendance, and smoking during pregnancy in 1008 women. 60% of respondents had never attended school. The total fertility rate was 5.7/woman. The infant mortality rate was 133/1000 live births. Of the 3074 births reported by respondents, 52 were stillbirths (rate, 17/1000 births). The perinatal mortality rate was 80/1000, the neonatal mortality rate 88/1000, and the postneonatal mortality rate 45/1000. The finding that neonatal deaths contributed proportionately more to infant mortality than postneonatal deaths indicates a need for better care at delivery. Bacterial sepsis related to umbilical infection was common. Of the 109 women pregnant at the time of the survey, only 33 (30%) had been seen at the antenatal clinic. Few of these women were complying with chloroquine treatment (given every 6 weeks). 69% of pregnant women were current smokers of locally cultivated sun-dried tobacco and 68% chewed betel nut during pregnancy. Overall, these findings indicate a need for major changes, including improved implementation of routine supplementation and prophylaxis regimens during pregnancy, health education around the dangers of smoking during pregnancy, improved attendance at antenatal care, and attention to the major causes of infant mortality.
2.A case series of atraumatic nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhages triggered during exertion at altitude
Journal of Neurocritical Care 2024;17(2):57-61
Background:
Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (NAPH) is a form of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurring predominantly in the perimesencephalic region, in the absence of an aneurysm or other source of bleeding on diagnostic angiography. The underlying cause of NAPH remains unclear. Case report: Herein, we describe three patients who developed NAPH during strenuous activity in the absence of trauma after traveling to an altitude of approximately 7,500 feet. The patients were treated conservatively without any residual neurological deficits.
Conclusions
This case series suggests that hypoxia and vigorous exercise could be risk factors for NAPH. Patients traveling to higher altitudes should be counseled to increase their exercise intensity gradually.
3.What’s new in neuropathology 2024: CNS WHO 5th edition updates
Heather SMITH ; Jared T. AHRENDSEN
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine 2024;58(6):346-349
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors was released in 2021, just five years following the updated fourth edition. Advanced molecular testing such as next-generation sequencing, RNA fusion analysis, and DNA methylation profiling has led to more precise grading and classification of pre-existing tumor types as well as the recognition of new ones. Herein, we outline the major updates of the 2021 WHO Classification of CNS tumors, with emphasis on the expanded molecular characterization of CNS tumors.
4.A case series of atraumatic nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhages triggered during exertion at altitude
Journal of Neurocritical Care 2024;17(2):57-61
Background:
Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (NAPH) is a form of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurring predominantly in the perimesencephalic region, in the absence of an aneurysm or other source of bleeding on diagnostic angiography. The underlying cause of NAPH remains unclear. Case report: Herein, we describe three patients who developed NAPH during strenuous activity in the absence of trauma after traveling to an altitude of approximately 7,500 feet. The patients were treated conservatively without any residual neurological deficits.
Conclusions
This case series suggests that hypoxia and vigorous exercise could be risk factors for NAPH. Patients traveling to higher altitudes should be counseled to increase their exercise intensity gradually.
5.What’s new in neuropathology 2024: CNS WHO 5th edition updates
Heather SMITH ; Jared T. AHRENDSEN
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine 2024;58(6):346-349
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors was released in 2021, just five years following the updated fourth edition. Advanced molecular testing such as next-generation sequencing, RNA fusion analysis, and DNA methylation profiling has led to more precise grading and classification of pre-existing tumor types as well as the recognition of new ones. Herein, we outline the major updates of the 2021 WHO Classification of CNS tumors, with emphasis on the expanded molecular characterization of CNS tumors.
6.A case series of atraumatic nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhages triggered during exertion at altitude
Journal of Neurocritical Care 2024;17(2):57-61
Background:
Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (NAPH) is a form of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurring predominantly in the perimesencephalic region, in the absence of an aneurysm or other source of bleeding on diagnostic angiography. The underlying cause of NAPH remains unclear. Case report: Herein, we describe three patients who developed NAPH during strenuous activity in the absence of trauma after traveling to an altitude of approximately 7,500 feet. The patients were treated conservatively without any residual neurological deficits.
Conclusions
This case series suggests that hypoxia and vigorous exercise could be risk factors for NAPH. Patients traveling to higher altitudes should be counseled to increase their exercise intensity gradually.
7.What’s new in neuropathology 2024: CNS WHO 5th edition updates
Heather SMITH ; Jared T. AHRENDSEN
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine 2024;58(6):346-349
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors was released in 2021, just five years following the updated fourth edition. Advanced molecular testing such as next-generation sequencing, RNA fusion analysis, and DNA methylation profiling has led to more precise grading and classification of pre-existing tumor types as well as the recognition of new ones. Herein, we outline the major updates of the 2021 WHO Classification of CNS tumors, with emphasis on the expanded molecular characterization of CNS tumors.
8.Bioinformatics advances in saliva diagnostics.
Ji-Ye AI ; Barry SMITH ; David T W WONG
International Journal of Oral Science 2012;4(2):85-87
There is a need recognized by the National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research and the National Cancer Institute to advance basic, translational and clinical saliva research. The goal of the Salivaomics Knowledge Base (SKB) is to create a data management system and web resource constructed to support human salivaomics research. To maximize the utility of the SKB for retrieval,integration and analysis of data, we have developed the Saliva Ontology and SDxMart. This article reviews the informatics advances in saliva diagnostics made possible by the Saliva Ontology and SDxMart.
Biomarkers
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chemistry
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Computational Biology
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methods
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Databases, Protein
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Genomics
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methods
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Humans
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Metabolomics
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methods
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Proteomics
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methods
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Saliva
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chemistry
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Salivary Proteins and Peptides
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chemistry
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classification
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physiology
9.Localising Median Neuropathies: The Role of Different Investigations.
Leonard Ll YEO ; Rahul RATHAKRISHNAN ; Vijayan JOY ; Aravinda T KANNAN ; Einar Wilder SMITH
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2015;44(9):350-352
Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical
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adverse effects
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Brachial Artery
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diagnostic imaging
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Diabetic Nephropathies
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complications
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therapy
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Hematoma
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complications
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diagnostic imaging
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Humans
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Male
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Median Neuropathy
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diagnostic imaging
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etiology
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physiopathology
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Middle Aged
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Neural Conduction
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Renal Dialysis
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Ultrasonography
10.A systematic review of pre-hospital shoulder reduction techniques for anterior shoulder dislocation and the effect on patient return to function
T. Joseph FENNELLY ; Lysander GOURBAULT ; Gregory NEAL-SMITH ; Akhilesh PRADHAN ; Venkat GADE ; A. Jonathan BAXTER
Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2020;23(5):295-301
Purpose::The majority of acute anterior shoulder dislocations are sustained during sports and wilderness activities. The management of acute dislocations in the pre-hospital setting is currently without guidelines based on the evidence. The study aims to assess the risk of acute complications in pre-hospital shoulder reduction and identify which pre-hospital reduction technique has the highest success rate in the published literature.Methods::The involved databases were Allied and Complementary Medicine, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, Europe PMC, Ovid MEDLINE?, Pedro, Proquest, Trip, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry platform. Only original research of high methodological quality was included, which was defined by the recently developed assessment tool-assessing the methodological quality of published papers (AMQPP) and investigated the management of acute anterior shoulder dislocations in the pre-hospital setting.Results::Two hundred and ninety-eight articles were identified and screened. A full text review was performed on 40 articles. Four articles published between 2015 and 2018 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 181 patients were included with the study duration ranging from 6 to 60 months. All studies reported zero immediate complication following pre-hospital reduction and there were no documented subsequent adverse events regardless of the technique used. Prompt resolution of neurological symptoms was observed following the early and successful pre-hospital reduction. First attempt success rate, when performed by skilled practitioners, ranged from 72.3% to 94.9%.Conclusion::Pre-hospital shoulder reduction appears to be a safe and feasible option when carried out with the appropriate expertise. A novel reduction technique adapted from the mountain medicine diploma course at the University of Paris North was found to have the highest first attempt reduction success rate of 94.9%. Other techniques described in the literature included Hippocratic, Stimson's, Counter-traction and external rotation with the success rates ranging from 54% to 71.7%.