The purpose of this study was to survey bacteria which was known as a fecal bacteria living in the human and animal gastro and intestinal tract. The colony density of the fecal coliform and fecal streptococci was 280 and 130 in 100ml sample amounts respectively. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is usually exist in swimming pool and was known as indicator of the pool water contamination was detected.
Animals ; Bacteria* ; Humans ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Rivers* ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Swimming Pools

This clinical report presents the clinical appearance and treatment approach in a case of excessive anterior teeth erosion resulted from swimming in a poorly-chlorinated swimming pool. Clinical findings revealed tooth sensitivity, severe enamel erosion resembling veneer preparations, and the presence of anterior open bite. A novel hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic) was chosen for fabricating full-coverage crowns for this patient. After 6-months follow-up, the tooth sensitivity disappeared and the patient was satisfied with esthetic outcome. The hybrid ceramic restorations can be recommended with no complications.
Ceramics* ; Crowns ; Dental Enamel ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Open Bite ; Swimming Pools ; Swimming* ; Tooth ; Tooth Erosion*

A total of 60 samples were collected from 35 swimming pools in Beijing, China, and the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were investigated. The results showed that 16.7% and 15.0% of samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts, respectively, with a mean concentration of 0.30 oocysts/10 L and 0.27 cysts/10 L. The oocysts and cysts were found to have higher rates of occurrence in August than in May. Genotyping confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum, and Giardia assemblages A and B, all of which were associated with human infections. The predominant species/assemblages were C. hominis and Giardia assemblage A. Analyses of the relationships between parasite oocysts/cysts, indicator bacteria, and physical-chemical parameters revealed that there was no correlation between 2 parasites and fecal bacterial indicators, whilst there was a significant correlation between protozoa and urea concentration, which indicates that urea concentration rather than fecal bacterial indicators might be an appropriate index for chlorine-resistant protozoa in swimming pools. This study provides useful information to improve the safety of swimming pool water and deduce the risk of protozoan infections.
Bacteria ; Beijing ; China ; Cryptosporidium* ; Giardia* ; Humans ; Oocysts ; Parasites ; Protozoan Infections ; Swimming Pools* ; Swimming* ; Urea ; Water Quality* ; Water*

The 507 cases of clinical E.K.C. among the 9147 out-patients seen in the Department of ophthalmology, Catholic Medical Center during September 1. 1967 to August 31. 1968 were evaluated statistically. And the several literatures were reviewed. 1. The incidence of E.K.C. evaluated in our clinic was remarkably high (5.5%) as compared with the other reports. And E.K.C. was observed in all seasons of year in our clinic and has the highest incidence during September. 2. The young age group was prevalent in regard of the incidence. 3. In the most of the cases, the disease infected the second eye in the course within a week, and it was bilateral in 48% of the patients. 4. The frequency of spread to professional personnel and to families of patients was very high but there seems to be rarely mediated by, sources of infection in dispensary and swimming pools. 5. In the infants under 3 years of age, the pseudomembrane was usually appeared and often accompanied systemic symptoms such as high fever and pharyngitis, but rarely associated with keratitis or preauricular adenopathy. The corneal opacities were appeared in about 10% of the cases and more common in adults over 20 years of age. 6. The course of acute conjunctivitis seems to be lasted about 4 weeks but the coneal opacities persisted.
Adult ; Conjunctivitis ; Corneal Opacity ; Fever ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Keratitis ; Keratoconjunctivitis* ; Ophthalmology ; Outpatients ; Pharyngitis ; Seasons ; Swimming Pools

A report of a 79 year old male patient suffering from acute myocardial infarction with Mallory-Weiss tear after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) by emergency medical technician in the swimming pool is presented. Successful percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) was done after appropriate transfusion. The patient survived and discharged without major complications after admitting 11days in the hospital. Importance of CPR in AMI patient is reiterated as complication such as Mallory-Weiss tear may arise.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Humans ; Male ; Mallory-Weiss Syndrome* ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Swimming Pools

It has been reported that the clinical cases of mixed infection due to Es. coli and Ps. aeruginosa are not uncommon. However, the mechanisms concerning the esta-blishment of mixed infection state of these organisms has not been studied expermentally. The normal habitate of Es. coli is the intestinal canal of animals and Ps. aeruginosa may be recovered from either the intestine or the natural sources such as sewages, swimming pool, soil, etc. It is, therefore, conceivable that Es. coli enter the host tissues together with Ps. aeruginosa either from the intestine or from the natural sources and establish the state of mixed infection. Thus, (10±1.5)×107 viable units each of Es. coli grown at 37℃. and Ps. aeruginosa grown at 37℃. or 22℃. were inoculated into the ear vein of rabbits singly or together with and the viable units PoPulations in the rabbits blood and urine were followed. The result of observation may be summarized as follows; 1) In the group inoculated with Es. coli or Ps. aeruginosa grown at 37℃.: Either organisms appeared to be removed rapidly from the blood stream and the viable units population in the rabbits urine showed a kind of persistence after initial increase for few days. 2) In the group inoculated with Ps. aeruginosa grown at 22℃.: The organisms appeared to be cleared rapidly from both blood stream and urinary tract without sign of increase. 3) In the group inoculated with Es. coli and Ps. aeruginosa grown at 37℃.: Both organisms appeared to be removed rapidly from the blood stream and the viable units populations of both organisms in the urine showed more prolonged and significant increase for several days. 4) In the group inoculated with Es. coli and Ps. aeruginosa grown at 22℃.: The viable units populations of both organisms showed about the same pattern as the group inoculated with the bacterial suspensions of single speces.
Animals ; Coinfection ; Ear ; Intestines ; Rabbits ; Rivers ; Soil ; Suspensions ; Swimming Pools ; Urinary Tract ; Veins

This paper describes the incidence and some epidemiological features of drowning accident out of a series of our study on the epidemiology of various accidents in Korea. By the daily press it is apparent from the frequent reporting of swimming accidents that the incidence would be high. In the rural areas, there are, at present about 1,250 artificial lakes and farm ponds to be utilized for rice production. The reservoirs, irrigation ditches and riversides are also used for recreation. In most places facilities for aquatic activities is meager, and safety measures for the prevention of drowning is not sufficiently enforced. In the survey crude data on drowning were collected from the concerned governmental statistic books for the period 1955 to 1967 which were compiled not in a uniform way. Drowning were classified into two categories, one is accidental drowning, E929 and the other is due to cataclysm, E934, according to the WHO international classification of diseases. Epidemiological variables in relation to drowning accident were obtained through qualitative analysis of informations from the popular newspapers. The following summary may be drawn; 1. The average number of deaths due to accidental drowning totaled 1,088 annually and the mortality rate per 100,000 population was 3.4. The 42.0% of all drowning were rescued and the remaining were not saved. 2. The sex ration(M/F) of the victims for all ages was 5 to 1, which had a wide range of difference among the age groups. The young ages less than 20 years occupied 68.0% of all deaths. 3. The percentage distribution of the causes of accidents revealed 31.9% for careless swimming, 45.5% for unskilled, 16.6% for swimmer's cramp and 6.0% for drunken. The distribution of places where accidents occurred showed 88.0% for rivers, water reservoirs, irrigation ditches and 12.0% for regular swimming pools. The seasonal distribution of cases indicated 85.0% of the total were seen during the summer months, June-August, and 50.0% of them occurred on Sundays. 4. The average annual deaths due to cataclysm were 402 and mortality rate per 100,000 population was 1.6, but the number of victims due to cataclysm varied greatly each year. 5. The accident cases due to cataclysm were classified into 60.0% for injuries, 40.0% for deaths. The 26.8% of all deaths were missing cases. 6. The deaths due to either accidental drowning or cataclysm totaled 1,490, and the death rate per 100,000 for the whole country was 5.0.
Drowning* ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence* ; International Classification of Diseases ; Korea* ; Lakes ; Mortality ; Muscle Cramp ; Newspapers ; Ponds ; Recreation ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Swimming ; Swimming Pools ; Water ; Periodicals

Of all toxic inhalant exposures, chlorine is one of the most common toxic chemical inhalants. When acutely inhaled, it can be responsible for symptoms ranging from upper air way irritation to more serious respiratory effects. It can also deteriorate lung function and lead to death. Chlorine and its compounds such as chlorinated cyanurates and hypochlorites are commonly used in water disinfection. The chemical agents discussed in this article are sodium dichloroiso cyanurate and calcium hypochlorite which are the two most popular products for swimming pool chlorination. They are both strong oxidizing agents which are soluble in water. Between the above two alkali agents, acid-base interaction occurred and generated heat. And the acid drove the combination of hypochlorous and chloride ions to form chlorine gas. We have experienced, two boys who had inhalation injuries caused by an accidental explosion which occurred in a swimming pool by mixing two different chlorinating agents : sodium dichloroiso cyanurate and calcium hypochlorite. The children suffered from respiratory difficulties after the exposure. They both required intensive care management and one needed the support of mechanical ventilation
Alkalies ; Calcium* ; Child ; Chlorine ; Disinfection ; Explosions* ; Halogenation ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hypochlorous Acid ; Inhalation* ; Critical Care ; Ions ; Lung ; Oxidants ; Respiration, Artificial ; Sodium ; Swimming Pools* ; Swimming* ; Water

OBJECTIVE:To describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents in an urban coastal community on drowning prevention.
METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in the study. Systematic random sampling was used and 431 parents were included as respondents in the study. A questionnaire that was developed and pre-tested was used to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices on drowning prevention among parents in households with at least one child.
RESULTS: The respondents' knowledge on general aspects of drowning such as its preventability and to whom and where it could happen seems to be sufficient (67-99%). Awareness of drowning prevention programs and activities in the barangay is quite low, and awareness of any legislation is even lower. The respondents seem to have positive attitudes toward supervising children while swimming or playing in high risk areas, in buying and wearing flotation devices, and participating in drowning prevention measures. Although 60 % claimed to have supervised their children while swimming in the sea, river, lake or swimming pools, more respondents (67 % - 88%) had admitted that their children had never worn flotation devices when they swim or play in most bodies of water. More than 93% of the parents have not participated in any program or activity on drowning prevention.
CONCLUSIONS: The study seems to show that, in the surveyed coastal community, there is a high level of knowledge in terms of the general aspects of drowning and there are positive attitudes in terms of measures and activities to prevent drowning. However, this has not translated to similarly appropriate levels of drowning prevention practices.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Attitude ; Awareness ; Child ; Cross-sectional Studies ; Drowning ; Family Characteristics ; Lakes ; Parents ; Rivers ; Surveys And Questionnaires ; Swimming ; Swimming Pools ; Water ; Knowledge ; Attitude

The one hundred ninty three patients of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) were treated with recombinant human alpha interferon (Re-Hu-INF-a eyedrop, 30,000IU/Vial, Cheil Foods and Chemicals Inc.) at kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College, Chungang University Hospital, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University and Kims's Eye Clinic and the following results were obtained after at least 21 days follow-up. 1. The total patients of EKC were 266; 193 of patients were treated with INF and another 73 patients were treated with antibiotic eye drop only as a control group. The age ranged from 3 to 79 year-old and the average age were 29.6 in interferon group and 36.3 in control group. 2. There was no significant difference between two groups in number of eyes involved. The frequencey of infection route was family, swimming pool, and eye clinic order. Adenovirus was the most common causative agent according to the cytopathic effect of HeLa cell inoculation. 3. In most of cases, there was little symptomatic manifestation, if ever, malaise was the most common systemic symptom in both groups. 4. The symptomatic improvement after INF treatment Was began at 3.8 days in INF group comparing to 10.8 days in control group. In INF treated group, the subjective symptom was disappeared in 70.5% of patients within 4 days. But in control gorup, disappearance of subjective symptom was noted in only 17.8% of patients and the results were statistically significant. 5. The eariler INF treatment, the better improvement of EKC and the sign improved first was foreign body sensation. 6. There was little side effect of INF treatment, but ocular pain was occurred in 8% From these results, we suggest that recombinant human alpha interferon eyedrop in EKC treatment is effective and the earlier application is more effective especially.
Adenoviridae ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foreign Bodies ; Heart ; HeLa Cells ; Humans* ; Interferon-alpha ; Interferons ; Keratoconjunctivitis* ; Sensation ; Swimming Pools