Knowledge of anatomic variants of veins in the arm and axilla play a key role in planning of successful venous access. Possible anatomic variants of axillary vein, brachial vein and basilic vein and their clinical implications have been well described in the literature. We report a rare case of formation of a short axillary vein associated with complex venous communications between the basilic and brachial veins forming a venous ladder in the axilla, in formalin embalmed male cadaver. Axillary vein was formed in the upper part of the axilla by the fusion of basilic vein and unpaired brachial vein, and it was about 3cm in length. The higher-up confluence of basilic and brachial veins was also associated with presence of three communicating veins between the basilic and brachial veins in the axilla. Knowledge of reported venous variations is very useful during preoperative venous mapping and also for planning and execution of various surgical invasive procedures involving these veins.
Axillary Vein

Drought, flood, salinity, or a combination of these limits rice production. Several rice varieties are well known for their tolerance to specific abiotic stresses. We determined genetic relationship among 12 rice varieties including 9 tolerant to drought, flood, or salinity using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Based on all markers, the nine tolerant varieties formed one cluster distinct from the cluster of three control varieties. The salt-tolerant varieties were closest to two flood-tolerant varieties, and together they were distinct from the drought-tolerant varieties. (GA)(8)YG was the most informative primer, showing the highest polymorphic information content (PIC) and resolving power (Rp). The drought-, flood-, and salt-tolerant varieties grouped in three distinct clusters within the group of tolerant varieties, when (GA)(8)YG was used. Sabita was the only exception. The two aus varieties, Nagina22 and FR13A, were separated and grouped with the drought- and flood-tolerant varieties, respectively, but they were together in dendrograms based on other primers. The results show that ISSR markers associated with (GA)(8)YG delineated the three groups of stress-tolerant varieties from each other and can be used to identify genes/new alleles associated with the three abiotic stresses in rice germplasm.
Droughts ; Floods ; Genotype ; Oryza ; classification ; genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Salinity

The extensor digitorum brevis muscle (EDB) is a practical option for use as an island flap or free flap when reconstructing soft tissue defects in the ankle as well as in the entire lower limb. It is frequently used to correct crossover toe deformity and other painful toe disorders. We evaluated the morphometry of the EDB in 44 formalin-fixed limbs. Length and width of the muscles were measured. Surface area was calculated as the product of length and width of the muscle. The length of each tendon was also measured from its origin to the point of distal attachment. Presence of any additional tendons was noted. Mean length, width, and surface area of the muscle were 7.39+/-0.71 cm, 4.1+/-0.37 cm, and 30.5+/-4.78 cm2 on the right side and 7.2+/-0.84 cm, 3.9+/-0.37 cm, and 28.4+/-5.35 cm2 on the left side, respectively. Morphometry of the tendons revealed that the tendon of the great toe had the highest mean length (9.5 cm) and the tendon of the fourth toe had the lowest mean length (6.3 cm). Four of the limbs studied (9.09%) had only three tendons. Three of the limbs studied (6.81%) had five tendons, and in one exceptional case (2.27%), six tendons were detected. These observations have significant value and are applicable to plastic and orthopedic surgery.
Animals ; Ankle ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Extremities ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Lower Extremity ; Muscles ; Orthopedics ; Plastics ; Tendon Transfer ; Tendons ; Toes

Introduction: Computer usage has become an indispensable tool in the official set up of all the workplaces in the current era. Predominance of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in relation to habitual posture during work is the utmost problem of modern society. Teaching staff stand out amongst a group of workers exposed to occupational MSDs. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in relation to posture and computer ergonomics at workplace among the college and university staff in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from August 2019-October 2019, among 419 volunteers by using a self-administered survey questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were used for the analyses of multiple variables. The association between demographic characteristics, computer ergonomics and prevalence of musculoskeletal pains were analyzed through Chi-square test. Results: 55.8 % respondents (n=234) reported neck pain (NP), (n=196) 46.8% shoulder pain (SP) and (n=308) 73.5% low back pain (LBP) respectively. A significant relationship between desktop computer usage and musculoskeletal pains in LBP (P=0.036) and SP (P=0.023) was observed. Significant association of head posture was found with NP (P=0.002), SP (P=0.042) and LBP (P=0.001), correspondingly. Discussion: Habitual postures were significantly associated with musculoskeletal pains while using computer. Conclusion: This study proved with precession that higher prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders was undoubtedly influenced by prolonged sitting, awkward postures at workstation, and repetitive movements of shoulders and hands. Further synchronous studies are vital to limit the modern era of musculoskeletal disorders