AIM:To investigate the effects of the three Tiao-Bu Fei-Shen therapies on renal injury in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),and to explore the mechanisms.METHODS:SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into control,COPD,pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium(PDTC),Bufei-Jianpi formula(BJF),Bu-fei-Yishen formula(BYF),Yiqi-Zishen formula(YZF),BJF combined with PDTC(BJF+PDTC),BYF combined PDTC(BYF+PDTC),and YZF combined PDTC(YZF+PDTC)groups.Cigarette smoke exposure combined with bacterial infec-tion were used to develop a stable-phase rat model of COPD,and kidney-injured rats were screened for subsequent treat-ment.Pulmonary and renal functions,pathological changes in lung and kidney tissues,24 h urine volume,urine biochem-ical indexes,aquaporin(AQP)levels,ratio of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF),serum in-flammatory factor levels,and mRNA and protein expressions of IκB kinase(IKK)and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)were observed at the end of the 16th week.RESULTS:Compared with control group,the rats in COPD group showed reduced lung function indexes of forced expiratory vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory volume in 0.1 second(FEV0.1)and FEV0.1/FVC(P<0.05).The lung histopathology exhibited alveolar wall fracture and fusion and airway inflammatory cell infiltration.The renal function indexes serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen and serum cystatin C(Cys-C)were signifi-cantly increased(P<0.01).The renal histopathology showed swollen and disorderly arranged tubular epithelial cells.The 24 h urine volume decreased(P<0.01).The urinary biochemical indexes 24 h urinary total protein,urinary kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1),urinary Cys-C,and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase significantly increased(P<0.01).The protein levels of AQP1～4 were significantly increased(P<0.01).The ratio of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the BALF were increased(P<0.01).The ratio of monocytes was decreased(P<0.01).The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6,IL-13,IL-1β,and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)were significantly increased(P<0.01).And the mRNA and protein expression levels of IKK,NF-κB were significantly elevated in the renal tissue(P<0.05).Compared with COPD group,the above symptoms and indexes of the rats were improved to different degrees after the intervention in treatment groups,among which BJF,BYF and YZF demonstrated similar effects to PDTC,and BJF+PDTC,BYF+PDTC and YZF+PDTC exhibited better improvements than the corresponding monotherapy.CONCLU-SION:The three Tiao-Bu Fei-Shen therapies can reduce the airway and systemic inflammatory response,improve renal function and attenuate renal injury in COPD rats.The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling path-way.

Objective Study on mechanism of Xuanfei Jiedu Formula in treating multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.Methods Except the Control group,the MDR-PA(9×108 CFU/mL,0.5 mL)pneumonia rat model was established by tracheal intubation,and an un-modeled control group was used.After successful modeling,rats were randomly divided into model group,XFJDF-low dose group,XFJDF-medium dose group,XFJDF-high dose group and IPM group,with 12 animals in each group;In addition to the blank group and the model group,the remaining drug administration groups were collectively referred to as the intervention treatment group.One day after modeling,the XFJDF-low dose,XFJDF-medium dose,and XFJDF-high dose groups were given the corresponding doses by gavage.The imipenem and cilastatin group was given Imipenem intraperitoneal injection,and the control and model groups were given saline gavage twice a day for 7 days.The rats'general status,body weight changes,and wet-dry weight ratio(W/D)of the lung tissue were observed.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes to the lung tissue of rats in each group under a light microscope.The serum levels of IL-1β,TGF-β,TNF-α,and IL-6 were detected by enzyme immunosorbent assay.Serum GSH content and MPO activity of rats were detected by colorimetry.The serum content of MDA was detected by TBA method.The total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)was detected by kit method.The protein levels of TLR4,Myd88,and NF-κBp65 in lung tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry.The mRNA and protein levels of TLR4,Myd88,and NF-κBp65 in the lung tissues of each group were detected by qPCR and Western Blot.Results Compared with the control group,the model groups had delayed responses,increased respiratory frequency,increased respiratory noise,and appeared to have different degrees of chills,as well as decreased diet and water intake and decreased body weight.The W/D of lung tissue was significantly increased(P＜0.01),and a large number of inflammatory cells had infiltrated the alveolar cavity and around the lung bronchus.Some alveolar walls were fractured and fused to form air cavities,with inflammatory exudation,pulmonary interstitial thickening,and local lung fiber formation.The serum levels of IL-1β,TNF-α,TGF-β,and IL-6 were significantly increased(P＜0.01),MDA content was increased,MPO activity was enhanced,GSH content and T-AOC capacity were decreased(P＜0.01),and the mRNA and protein levels of TLR4,Myd88,and NF-κBp65 in lung tissue were significantly increased(P＜0.01).Compared with the model groups,the intervention group and the treatment group showed improvements in the above indexes(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the Xuanfei Jiedu Formula high-dose group and IPM group had the most significant improvements(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusions Xuanfei Jiedu can significantly improve the general state,body weight,lung tissue W/D,and lung tissue pathology,and the reduce inflammation and oxidative stress,of MDR-PA rats.The mechanism may be related to its inhibition of the expression of TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway proteins in lung tissue.

Objective To explore the action of Bufei Jianpi formula(BJF)on mitochondrial damage to skeletal muscle in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)rats via its regulation of the IRS-1/PI3K signaling axis.Methods 60 SPF SD rats were randomly divided into Control group,Model group(COPD stable stage group),aminophylline(Am)group,BJF group,pioglitazone(PIO)group and BJF+PIO group,with 10 rats per group.A stable COPD rat model was established via forced smoking and Klebsiella pneumoniae nasal drip method.Samples were taken from the 9th week to the end of the 20th week,and the weight of the rats was measured every week.Routine sectioning and HE staining were performed on lung and skeletal muscle tissue,and corresponding pathological changes were observed under a light microscope.The lung function of the rats was observed by whole-body plethysmography in weeks 0,8,and 20,including tidal VT,PEF,and EF50.The mRNA expression of IRS-1,leptin,PGC1-α,and PI3K in rat skeletal muscle was detected by qPCR.The expression of PGC-1α,TFAM,IRS-1,PI3K,AKT,p-AKT,and leptin in rat skeletal muscle tissue was detected by Western blot.Results The Model group,but not the Control group,showed a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrating the alveolar interstitium and bronchus,indicative of lung disease;some alveolar walls had broken and fused to form air cavities,and fiber networks were destroyed.After drug treatment,the rats showed improved alveolar wall and fiber network integrity and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchus,especially those in the BJF and Am groups.In the drug treatment groups,the skeletal muscle pathology of each group showed improved spatial arrangement,the atrophy and fracturing of muscle fibers were ameliorated to different degrees,and cytoplasmic staining of muscle cells was uneven,and the BJF group showed the most significant effects.Compared with the Control group,the Model group's PEF,VT,and EF50 significantly decreased from week 8(P＜0.01),while the BJF,BJF+PIO and Am groups had significantly increased PEF and EF50(P＜0.01).Compared with Control group,the Model group's mRNA and protein expression levels of IRS-1,PGC-1α,and PI3K were significantly decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),the level of leptin was significantly increased(P＜0.01).Compared with the Model group,the mRNA and protein expressions of IRS-1,PGC-1α and PI3K in the BJF group were significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the mRNA expression of IRS-1 in the PIO group was significantly increased(P＜0.01).The BJF+PIO group's mRNA levels of PGC-1α(P＜0.01)and mRNA and protein levels of IRS-1 and PI3K were significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The mRNA and protein expression levels of PI3K in the Am group were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The expression levels of leptin mRNA were significantly decreased in the four treatment groups(P＜0.01),and the expression of leptin protein was significantly decreased in all treatment groups except the Am group(P＜0.01).Compared with the Control group,the Model group's quadriceps femoris tissue showed a significant decrease in TFAM and p-AKT expression.TFAM and p-AKT expression in all the treatment groups showed an increasing trend,but the difference was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusions By regulating the IRS-1/PI3K signaling axis,Bufei Jiempi reduces mitochondrial damage to skeletal muscle,increases the expression of PGC-1α and mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM,enhances mitochondrial biosynthesis,and reduces pathological damage to lung and skeletal muscle tissue.

Cytopharmaceutical based on macrophages is a breakthrough in the field of targeted drug delivery. However, it remains a challenge to localize and control drug release while retaining macrophage activity and exerting its immunotherapeutic effect. Herein, a localized light-triggered release macrophage cytopharmaceutical (USIP@M) was proposed, which could utilize the tumor targeting and immunotherapy effects of macrophages to reverse the immune suppression of tumor microenvironment (TME). Amphiphilic block copolymers with ultraviolet (UV)-responsive o-nitrobenzyl groups were synthesized and co-loaded with sorafenib (SF), IMD-0354 (IMD), and upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), which were then taken up by macrophages, and the targeted delivery of drugs was realized by using the tumor tropism of macrophages. UCNPs converted near-infrared light with strong penetrability and high safety into UV light, which promoted the photoresponsive depolymerization of block copolymers and production of exosomes from USIP@M, accelerated drug efflux and maintained the activity of macrophages. IMD simultaneously polarized carrier macrophages and tumor-associated macrophages to exert the antitumor effect of macrophages, enhance T cell immunity, and alleviate the immunosuppressive state of TME. Synergistically with the chemotherapeutic effect of SF, it could effectively kill tumors. In conclusion, based on the localized light-triggered release strategy, this study constructed a novel macrophage cytopharmaceutical that could localize and control drug release while retaining the activity of macrophages and exerting its immunotherapeutic effect, which could effectively treat solid tumors.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high global morbidity and mortality and a severe disease burden, yet progress in treatment and prevention has been slow in recent decades. Early COPD has few symptoms and is severely underdiagnosed and undertreated; it is crucial to search for effective clues of early COPD and provide management interventions. By reviewing the definition, risk factors, diagnosis and management interventions, this study explores the disease evolution of early-stage COPD, which can help clinical practice to develop more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for stopping or slowing down the natural progression of the disease, improving the long-term prognosis, and reducing the disease burden.
Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy* ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors

Objective:To improve accuracy of prediction amount of length of gastric tube placed through nose and reduce occurrence of adverse events thorough clinical observation of measurement of length of nasogastric tube placement in critically ill children.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, critically ill children who were hospitalized and needed a nasogastric tube in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were selected from April to September 2019. The prediction method of "nos-ear-xiphoid (NEX) increased by 5 cm" (NEX+5 cm) was adopted. The values of placed length in this study were collected and compared with those predicted by traditional measurement method (namely NEX) , improved "nose-ear-mid-umbilicus" (NEMU) and formula method.Results:A total of 52 critically ill children were enrolled in this study. The length of placed nasogastric tube was 31.5 (28.3, 35.8) cm, and 43 cases (82.7%) were determined to be qualified by X-ray. The length of gastric tube required to be placed in children was 27.0 (24.1, 31.0) cm according to the NEX method, and the length of gastric tube required to be placed in children was 26.1 (22.5, 29.0) cm measured by the formula method. Both were shorter than that measured by NEX+5 cm, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.01) . The NEMU method measured the length of gastric tube to be inserted into the child to be 31.0 (28.3, 36.0) cm. Compared with the length measured by NEX+5 cm, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05) . Conclusions:This study uses NEX+5 cm to predict the actual length of the gastric tube inserted through the nose. The accuracy is relatively high and the operation method is simple. It is necessary to consider individual differences in clinical applications, especially the large variability in infants and young children. After catheterization, abdominal ultrasound, X-ray and other auxiliary examination methods should be used to determine the location of catheterization, and individualized catheterization programs should be given to children according to different therapeutic objective.

Humanistic care and nursing care are indispensable, like the two wheels of a car and the two wings of a bird. This article reviews the connotation of humanistic care, the importance of humanistic care in nursing, the connotation and importance of nursing technology, the relationship between humanistic care and nursing technology and the status quo of humanistic care embodied in nursing technology, hoping to provide a reference for improving patients' medical experience and satisfaction.

Sixteen genomic DNA simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of Lentinula edodes were developed from 205 SSR motifs present in 46.1-Mb long L. edodes genome sequences. The number of alleles ranged from 3–14 and the major allele frequency was distributed from 0.17–0.96. The values of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00–0.76 and 0.07–0.90, respectively. The polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.07–0.89. A dendrogram, based on 16 SSR markers clustered by the paired hierarchical clustering' method, showed that 33 shiitake cultivars could be divided into three major groups and successfully identified. These SSR markers will contribute to the efficient breeding of this species by providing diversity in shiitake varieties. Furthermore, the genomic information covered by the markers can provide a valuable resource for genetic linkage map construction, molecular mapping, and marker-assisted selection in the shiitake mushroom.
Alleles ; Breeding ; DNA* ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Lentinula* ; Methods ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Shiitake Mushrooms*

A pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus strain was isolated from a pig farm in Korea in December 2009. The strain was propagated in and isolated from both the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line and embryonated eggs. The partial and complete sequences of the strain were identical to those of A/California/04/2009, with >99% sequence similarity in the HA, NA, M, NS, NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 genes. The isolated strain was inactivated and used to prepare a swine influenza vaccine. This trial vaccine, containing the new isolate that has high sequence similarity with the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus, resulted in seroconversion in Guinea pigs and piglets. This strain could therefore be a potential vaccine candidate for swine influenza control in commercial farms.
Agriculture ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Eggs ; Guinea Pigs ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human* ; Kidney ; Korea* ; Orthomyxoviridae* ; Ovum ; Pandemics* ; Seroconversion ; Swine

Obejective To explore the effect of combined use of dexmedetomidine and ultra-low dose naloxone on postoperative hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil. Method 80 ASA gradeⅠ-Ⅱ female patients who were scheduled to perform endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) were randomly divided into four groups: purely remifentanil group (group R) and remifentanil plus different dosage dexmedetomidine and ultra-low dose naloxone group (group RDN1 ~ RDN3). Then the postoperative VAS on 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h together with the firstpostoperative pain time , PCA press numbers , fentanyl usage and adverse reaction rate were recorded and evaluated. Results Average VAS of group R are higher than other groups in all 7 time points at the adjusted significant level of 0.0083, and group R > group RDN1 > group RDN2 > group RDN3, while differences between group RDN2 and RDN3 in all time points are not statistical significant.There is no difference between group RDN1 and group RDN2 inthe first postoperative pain time and the PCA press time at 1h after operation. Difference between group RDN2 and group RDN3 in the PCA press time at 24 h after operation was not significant, and the fentanyl usage of RDN groups are significantly less than group R. Conclusions Combined use of dexmedetomidine and ultra-low dose naloxone induced by remifentanil can improving patients′postoperative hyperalgesia , effect increase with the dose of dexmedetomidine increas , and the increasement is more sensitive in acute pain.