An investigation on pathogens was performed on 219 consecutive adult inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) from November 2008 to August 2009 in Hebei Province.Sputum samples from all patients in acute phase were collected for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. Pathogens were identified in 125 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen isolated in 75 cases (60％) ; influenza A virus was the most common virus isolated in 32 cases (26％) ; and mixed infection were found in 31 patients (25％). Streptococcus pneumoniae species were more frequent among patients aged ≤30 and 51 -70; Haemophilus influenzae species were more frequent among patients with coexisting disease; the percent of Mycoplasma pneumoniae species infections in the lowrisk groups( Ⅰ - Ⅱ ) was higher than patients in the high-risk groups ( Ⅲ - V ).The percent of virus pneumoniae species infections in patients with coexisting disease trended to higher than patients without coexisting disease,but the difference was not statistically significant ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The results indicate that Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the major bacteria,Viruses are frequently detected in CAP with influenza A virus being the most common one; and mixed infection should not be ignored.The age and underlying diseases are important factors influencing the distribution of pathogens.

Objective To analyze the changes of leptin and adiponectin levels in serum of patients with diabetic retinopathy and investigate their chnical significance in diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods One hundred and twenty-one patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as the case group who hospitalized from Nov.2012 to Nov.2013.Among the patients,41 cases of non-DR,40 cases of nonproliferative-DR,40 cases of proliferativeDR.Forty healthy were served as the control group.The levels of leptin and adiponectin in serum were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA).Results The overall levels of leptin in case group was (15.25 ± 4.70) μg/L,significantly higher than the control group ((6.15 ± 1.70) μg/L; t =-11.696,P ＜0.01)).The level of adiponectin in case group was (7.39 ± 1.92) mg/L,lower than the control group ((11.10 ± 1.46) mg/L; t =11.216,P ＜ 0.01).Moreover,the levels of leptin increased successively from (10.91 ±1.21) μg/L in NDR,(15.22 ±3.75) μg/ L in NPDR and (20.50 ±3.70) μg/L in PDR.While,the adiponectin levels decreased from (9.61 ± 1.35) mg/L in NDR,(7.11 ± 1.18) mg/L in NPDR and (5.34 ± 1.36) mg/L in PDR respectively.And the differences between the groups were significant(F =149,542,291,550;P ＜0.05).The levels of leptin and adiponectin in serum showed a negative correlation (r =-0.662,P ＜0.01).Condusion Levels of leptin and adiponectin in serum associate with DR,and both of them might be the important indexes for the prediction and curative effect evaluation of DR.

0.05).The concentration of IL-6 in sputum of multi-virus infection group(122.51?39.86)ng/L was higher than in single virus infection group(65.30?34.92)ng/L.The concentration of IL-6 in sputum of bacteria-virus mixed infection group(120.31?46.62)ng/L was higher than in bacteria or virus single infection group(83.61?47.83)ng/L.Conclusion Streptococcus pneumonia and influenza virus A infection are important factors in AECOPD at early stage.Virus infection would prolong recovery time,increase inflammation of the airway and even induce bacteria infection.Therefore,we should pay more attention to the virus infection in COPD patients,especially A-type influenza virus.