Objective To detect the relationship between the pathological type and lymph node metastasis and prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Method Clinicopathological data were retrospectively analyzed on 578 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients undergoing surgery between 1954—1988. Result There were 265 cases with lymph node metastasis among 380 unenvelop cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and 138 cases with lymph node metastasis among 198 envelop cases. Lymph node metastasis in diffuse sclerosis type was higher than that in the microminiature(P0.05). The mortality rate in dropsy papillary type was lower than branch papillary and follicle subtype(all P

Objective:To design and produce the device of central preparation and supply system of dialysate according to the clinical requirement as the relative standards which this system should abide, and to enhance the medical quality of dialysate.Methods: The optimal design and process program of every section were discussed according to the requirement of national standards and industrial standards and the technical requirement of researching central preparation and supply system of dialysate. The requirements of quality system were implemented in every section of the design and application in the central preparation and supply system of dialysate and these requirements were continuously improved, and finally, they were applied in the blood purifying center of hospital.Results: After the central preparation and supply system of dialysate was installed and applied in the blood purifying center, a series of contaminations of the system, such as air contamination, particle contamination, microorganism contamination and endotoxin contamination, were efficiently controlled, and the purity of concentrated solution of dialysate was increased to higher level. Therefore, the dialysate of high quality were obtained.Conclusion: The central preparation and supply system of dialysate is a development tendency in large dialysate center, and it can efficiently increase work quality and work efficiency. A better central preparation and supply system will achieve ultra pure dialysate in real meaning, and it can make profits for patients, achieve medical safety, enhance efficiency, cost saving and achieve clean and tidy. It represents the industrial development direction, and it can contribute the whole development and outside influence of hospital.

The leaves and fruits of Ginkgo biloba L.are embodied in Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China,mainly contain ginkgo flavonoids,terpene lactones,phenolic acids,isopentenyl alcohol,steroids and other chemical compositions.The extract and active ingredients can be made into tablets,capsules,granules,oral liquid,injection,dripping pills,syrup,tincture and other formulations,clinically used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease treatment.The adverse reactions are allergies,diarrhea,bleeding,liver and kidney toxicity.This review contains the chemical composition,dosage form and clinical adverse reactions of Ginkgo biloba in recent years,for providing a reference of further development and rational utilization of this plant resource.

Objective To study the clinical and pathologic features of chromphobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) and to evaluate the conventional pathologic prognostic parameters in prognosis.Methods Seventy-five cases (42 males and 33 females) with pathological confirmed ChRCC (36 on the left and 39 on the right kidney) after nephrectomy during 1998 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient's age ranged from 25 to 74 years, with a mean age of 56 years. Evaluation of conventional prognostic parameters was carried out. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to study the survival relationship. Results The mean tumor diameter was 7.3 cm. The majority of tumor macroscopic surface color was gray and yellow or gray and red. The majority of tumor cells were big polygon chromphobe cell or small round eosinophils. The TNM stages of these ChRCC were as follows: 30 cases in T1N0M0, 1 in T1N0M1, 26 in T2N0M0, 1 in T2N0M1, 11 in T3N0M0, 3 in T3N0M1, 1 in T3 N1 M0, 1 in T4 N0 M1 and 1 in T4 N1 M1. The pathologic grade of ChRCC was G1 in 3 cases, G2 in 24cases, G3 in 46 cases and G4 in 2 cases. All the 75 cases were followed up for 9 to 93 months (mean 44months), 7 patients died and others were alive without recurrence and metastasis. 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 93.3% and 90. 7%, respectively. The univariable analysis showed that tumor size (P=0. 028), TNM stage (P＜0. 001) were associated with tumor progression. The multivariable Cox regression model revealed that TNM stage was an independent predictor of aggressive ChRCC. Conclusions The ChRCC tumors are generally larger than other types of RCC and with a favorable prognosis. Fuhrman nuclear grade is not suitable for ChRCC. TNM stage is an independent predictor of aggressive ChRCC.

Objective To investigate the clinic pathologic features of young patients with renal malignant tumour by comparing with older patients. Methods The clinical data of 83 younger adults(age,≤40 years) with renal cell carcinoma and 703 cases of older renal cell carcinoma (age＞40 years)was analyzed and compared retrospectively. All of the patients were surgically treated between 1986and 2007. Results Among patients with symptoms, younger female patients were more likely to have abdominal pain(12/27, 44.4% vs. 154/703, 21.9%)and mass (2/27, 7.4% vs. 154/703,1.3%)than older (P＜0.05). The older groups were more likely to have dear cell carcinoma than in the younger(501/703, 71.3% vs. 47/83, 56.6%)(P＜0.05). The rate of PRCC has the trends to be higher in young patients than that in older patients (21/83, 25.3% vs. 118/703, 16.8%) (P=0.054),especially in male patients (17/56, 30.4 %) (P=0.011). The rate of MFH and leiomyosarcoma was significantly higher in young patients than that in older patients (6/83, 7.2% vs. 12/703,1.7%) (P＜ 0.05), especially in female patients (4/27,14.8%). Younger male patients were more likely to have a higher incidence of small tumors (T≤4 cm)(24/56,42.9 % vs. 173/703,24.6 % )(P＜0.05)and a lower incidence of big RCC(T＞7 cm) than older patients(12/56,21.4% vs. 295/703,42.0%) (P＜0.05). Conclusion Younger female renal cell carcinoma patients tends to have worseprognosis than older patients, while younger male patients have better prognosis due to different pathology.

Objective To establish HPLC fingerprint for Fructus Aurantii Immaturus.Methods The HPLC method was used with Diamonsil-C18 column (250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m),and a mixture liquid of acetonitrile-0.01% NaH2PO4 as mobile phase in a gradient elution.The HPLC fingerprint for 36 batches of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus was studied on their similarity,cluster,and principal components analyses.The common HPLC fingerprint of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus was established,which was studied with principal components analyses.Results Under the selected spectrum condition,the 36 batches of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus were classified into two groups based on the result of similarity,cluster,and principal components analyses.Conclusion This method is reasonable and reliable to the quality control of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus.

Objective To investigate the expression of c-kit and analyze its relationship with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in RCC subtypes and its clinical progression. Methods Expression of c-kit protein was retrospectively studied with immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections from 137 cases of clear renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), 82 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), 51 chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC). Results The positive rate of c-kit in ChRCC was 94.1%(48/51), it was statistically higher than that in CCRCC (16. 1%, 22/137) and PRCC (28.1 %, 23/82)(P=0. 001 ). In ChRCC, the positive expression of c-kit was related with TNM stages. The positive expression of PCNA was related with the grade in CCRCC and PRCC. But there was no relationship between PCNA expression and grade of ChRCC. It also had the relationship with the metastasis in CCRCC. Conclusions The expression of c-kit in ChRCC is higher than in other subtype of RCC, and associated with tumor local progression. That makes c-kit as a helpful marker to discriminate different subtypes of kidney cancer.

Objective To investigate the aging features of pure leukoaraiosis (LA) in nondemented outpatients. Methods The outpatients with age older than 40 years, without taking cholesterol lowering and B vitamin medications and with mini-mental state examination more than 24 scores were selected from July 2008 to December. 2009 in Beijing Tiantan Hospital. LA was defined with MRI. Patients were classified into two groups i. e. LA group consisting of 138 patients with leukoaraiosis but without lacunar lesions and cortical infarcts and a control group consisting of 124 patients without any lesion in brain. Age and other vascular risk factors were also investigated. Results Age of the patients in the LA group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P< 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age was independently associated with pure LA ( OR 1.080, 95% CI 1.042-1.120), after adjusting sex, vascular risk factors and presence of atherosclerosis in cervical arteries. If age-stratification was further considered, logistic regression analysis showed that OR (95% CI) for LA was 2.693 (95% CI 1.103-6.575) in a 60-69 year group and 13. 527(95%CI 3.319-55.131) in a≥70 year group as compared with a 40-49 year group. Conclusion Age is a determining risk factor for pure LA and patients with age older than 60 years are at high risk of LA.

BACKGROUND:Endothelial progenitor cels are widely used in the treatment of various vascular diseases, and early exercise training contributes to restore motor function after spinal cord injury. However, the therapeutic effects of endothelial progenitor cel transplantation or early exercise training alone are unfavorable. OBJECTIVE:To observe the influence of transplantation of endothelial progenitor cels combined with early exercise training on blood vessel regeneration and hind limb function in rats after spinal cord injury. METHODS:Eighty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were enroled to establish spinal cord injury models using the modified Alen’s method, and then randomly divided into four groups. Rats were respectively given culture mediumvia the tail vein, injection of endothelial progenitor cels (3×106)via the tail vein, roler and treadmil trainings for 2 weeks, or injection of endothelial progenitor celsvia the tail vein folowed by 2 weeks of roler and treadmil trainings in the model, cel transplantation, exercise and combined groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 2 weeks after transplantation, the hindlimb motor function of rats in the combined group was better than that in the cel transplantation group and exercise group, and moreover, the percentage of CM-Dil positive cels, the number of horseradish peroxidase-positive nerve fibers, capilary density and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were also significantly higher in the combined group than the cel transplantation group and exercise group. These findings indicate that early exercise training has a neuroprotective role in spinal cord injury; endothelial progenitor cel transplantation combined with early exercise training can promote regeneration of synapses and blood vessels and improve hindlimb motor function of rats, probably by increasing expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Objective Our purpose was to evaluate the teaching satisfaction of clinical epi-demiology among medical postgraduate and to come up with measures for further improvement of teaching quality. Methods A self-administered questionnalre was given to all the medical postgradu-ates and doctoral students of Grade 2013 by cluster sampling when they finished the course of clinical epidemiology. A total of 559 graduate students, including 324 graduate students (58%), 235 doctoral students (42%), recruitment graduate students 350 (62.6%), on-the-job graduate student 209 (37.4%).The contents of the questionnalre included many aspects such as the investigation object in general, teaching materials evaluation satisfaction, curriculum and teacher satisfaction evaluation. Respondents ' self-administered manner was adopted. Parallel input was done by using Epidata software; data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 software, continuous variable was made by x±s, categorical variables was expressed by n(%). Continuous variables were compared among groups by t test and analysis of vari-ance. Classification grouping variable was compared by chi-square test, and P<0.05 for the difference was statistically significant . Results Overall evaluation of theory was below that of the internship teaching materials. The satisfaction rate of practicability, meeting the learning needs and difficulty degree for theory and practice teaching material were 83.7% (468/559), 87.5% (489/559), 67.1% (375/559) and 92.7%(518/559), 89.6%(501/559), 83.0%(464/559) respectively. 41.6%(87/209) of on-the-job students and 36.7% (119/324) of postgraduates considered theory teaching material was difficult for them. The satisfaction rate for faculty teaching attitude (99.5%, 556/559), faculty teaching method (98.6%,551/559), the theories combining with practice teaching method (97.5%, 545/559) were high, but the satisfaction rate for teaching hours was low (67.4%, 377/559), with one third students consider more hours for the course. Conclusion The Teaching effect of clinical epidemiology is falrly good in our school. The postgraduates are satisfied with the teaching materials, curriculum setting, and teach-ing faculty. But there are also some shortcomings. In the future teaching work, we should appropriately increase the hours, and set corresponding teaching contents and methods according to the different learning characteristics of the on-the-job graduate students and recruitment graduate students, to improve the teaching effect and teaching quality.