Introduction. “Epidemiological study on the non-infectious diseases, accident and injury causes, and relevant risk factors” has been carried out in 2009 by the PHI to determine the alcohol drinking circumstances, frequency and risk factors by gender, age and residency locations. 26.7 percent of this survey participants aged 15-24 used alcohol during the last 30 days, 21.4 percent drank alcohol during last 12 months. GIA, HD (formerly named as the NHDC) carried out the alcohol consumption survey involving 2021 students from the universities, higher educational institutions and general education schools in Ulaanbaatar in 2004. According to this survey results, it is evidenced that 61.0 percent of students use alcohol. The aforementioned surveys and studies were quantitative studies and generally focused on providing cultures and habits of the alcohol consumption. Youth understanding of the alcohols, alcohol’s negative impact and consequences, some social and other factors influencing to the youth consumption of alcohols have not been previously studied.Goal. The purpose of the survey is to study the knowledge, attitude and tendency of the youth towards alcohol and its negative impact, consequences pertaining to the alcohol consumption by the youth and students.Materials and Methods. Qualitative survey has been carried out (focus group interview, observation) and survey target groups’ (students and youth), random selection methods. Target group consists of the students currently studying at the universities, higher educational institutions and VTPCs and unemployed youth aged 16-24. Total of 56 focus group interviews were carried out and totally 530 people were involved in the survey.Results. Totally 530 students and youth were involved in this qualitative survey. 72.0 percent of them are the youth aged 16-24 studying at the universities, higher educational institutions and VTPCs. 67.0 percent (355) of total respondents involved in the survey provided negative responses for the question “in your opinion, what is the vodka”. Vodka is useless chemical substance with negative impacts on human body. Without proper consumption, it can become a poison. It can venom not only body but also the heart and soul. Generally, vodka is one type of instruments to make human beings poor.Focus group interview, 20-24 years old, Female, Orkhon provinceVery small amount of participants involved in the interview responded positively to the question “what is the vodka” - such as the best of food, fluid with 380Ñ alcohol etc. 79.0 percent (419) of the survey respondents answered that alcohol consumption rate in our country is “higher” compared to other countries indicator. A half of total survey participants (272) considered lesser consumption of alcohol for personal use means “appropriate use of alcohol”. Some participants said that it is appropriate use if vodka is served 100-300 gram or 1-3 cups of beers for one serve. Some participants defined the adults as the people aged 18- 50. Most of them said that elders shall become role model if they don’t use vodka or other alcoholicbeverages. Most of the survey participants firstly use beer, secondly - vodka, and thirdly - vodka and other alcoholic beverages. Currently unemployed youth said that their peers and friends generally use vodka. 446 interviewees out of 530 participants, which is 84.1 percent have already tried vodka and other alcoholic beverages. 226 which are 50.7 percent of these youth who have already tried vodka and other alcoholic beverages drank alcohols under peer pressure and influence during some parties or special occasions. Places of drinking vodka and other alcoholic beverages were different for unemployed youth by their gender. For instance, majority of unemployed males visit their friends’ home to drink or drink at the streets, whereas women drink only during special occasions. Some participants said that where to drink vodka or other alcoholic beverages sometimes depend on the seasons – whether it is warm or cold. Conclusions:1. The majority of the students and youth have already tried vodka and other alcoholic beverages. More than half of the survey participants drank vodka and other alcoholic beverages under other’s pressure or influence during special occasions.2. General tendency of the interviewees towards vodka and other alcoholic beverages was negative due to numerous negative phenomena related to alcohols in the society.3. Participants aged 16-24 who have been involved in the FGDs had the following knowledge and understanding about the vodka and other alcoholic beverages: Majority of the interviewees thought that alcoholic beverages mean the beverages with lower alcohol ingredients such as beer and wine.

BACKGROUND: In Ulaanbaatar, the first case of the pandemic influenza infection has been reported on 12 October 2010.By November 9, a total of 929 cases laboratory-confirmed had been reported to National Center for CommunicableDiseases (NCCD). Of these cases reported, 9 people died.METHODS: The objectives of the study were to describe patients who admitted and hospitalized at NCCD and to determineoverall attack rates among health workers, secondary attack rates among students of colleges and universities. Datawas analyzed using Epi-Info2000.RESULTS: Among 929 of laboratory-confirmed cases, 50.3% (95% CI 43.0-57.5) were males aged 23 (±14.9) in averagewith youngest – 7 months, oldest – 76 years old. Data analysis by districts among the hospitalized patients, showed32.8% (139) of total cases in Bayanzurkh district including the first case of the pandemic influenza infection. The majorityof patients who admitted and hospitalized to NCCD mostly experienced fever (288, 68.1%), dry cough (251, 59.3%),headache (203, 48.0%), sore throat (175, 41.6%). With 1020 physicians and health workers in total, 41.4% (422) ofthem work at NCCD, 35.4% (361) – at MCHRC. 11.1% of health workers out of total become ill with pandemic H1N12009 (overall attack rate 11.1%) with the most common symptom, 380C and higher fever (100.0%, 113), sore throat(83.2%, 94), cough (76.1%, 86) and runny nose (59.3%, 67). The higher attack rates of health workers by occupationwere doctor (18.0%) and auxiliary (13%). The secondary attack rates among university students for influenza-likeillness(ILI) were 12.9%. These secondary attack rates were higher among students of art’s college as compared withother universities (52.4%). For students, the main clinical symptoms were fever + sore throat (75.0%, 18), fever+ cough(70.8%, 17).DISCUSSION: In China, as of 27 September, 2009, from reported total 19981 cases infected with pandemic influenza,61.0% were males, mean age was 17, mainly affected with 83% school students that consistent with our study result.The similar results on clinical symptoms were obtained in Russia. Out of 130 patients, 28.6% had 380Ñ and higherfever, for 54.3% the body temperature reached 38.1-390Ñ where as 17.1% - higher 390Ñ and 96% had cough, 89%had muscle ache, 65% had headache, 14% had diarrhea.

Introduction: Mongolia’s capital hosts about half the country’s total population, and its air pollution ranks among the highest in the world during winter. Air pollution is linked to reduced fetal growth, preterm birth, low birth weight, impaired cognitive intra-uterine development, impaired cognitive development, and even spontaneous abortion. Antenatal care includes fetal development monitoring, prevention of anemia, immunization against infectious diseases, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and any health risk factors such as environmental pollution.
Health care measures for pregnant women and children under one year of age have the potential to be highly effective because they are directly aimed at reducing pneumonia in children. As such, we need to conduct this survey to determine whether pregnant women were satisfied with the information and advice on air pollution prevention provided by health facilities and to take evidence-based measures. Materials and Methods : The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, a total of 958 pregnant women participated from Songinokhairkhan district, Bayanzurkh district, and Bayankhongor province center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation, and environment of the Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2). Results : The survey covered 958 pregnant women aged 16-45 in Bayanzurkh district Songinokhairkhan district, and Bayankhongor province. During antenatal care visits, the majority of pregnant women (BZD- 56.9%, SKHD- 68.3%, BKH province - 86.7%) were advised by their health specialists to go outside for fresh air, while women in Ulaanbaatar (BZD- 18.9%, SKHD- 24.7%) received the information and advice at the lowest percentage. Pregnant women in Ulaanbaatar were less involved in air pollution training than in Bayankhongor. Participants in the air pollution prevention training rated it as “satisfied” regardless of location. 37.2% of pregnant women obtained information on protecting their health from air pollution from the board of Family Health Center and 34% from their district health centers. 86.1% of the participants were able to obtain information on air pollution on their own, while 86% of them got information from their family and friends. Conclusion The percentage of pregnant women getting medical advice, training, and information on air pollution prevention from hospitals during their antenatal care visits was the highest in rural areas. Moreover, their level of satisfaction with counseling had been rated as “satisfied”. Pregnant women often seek information on air pollution prevention from non-professional sources, such as their family and friends.

Introduction: Within the framework of health sector reform, the development of the organization, the responsibility of doctors and medical professionals, and the improvement of ethics, quality and safety of care and services are top priorities. Customer satisfaction is important for the implementation of this operation based on results and quality. The WHO Recommendation states that health professionals have a key role to play in providing information and advice to citizens and their families on how to prevent, mitigate and address air pollution, and how to inform the general public and decision-makers. ADB, the Ministry of Health, and UNICEF report that information and promotional materials on air pollution prevention are scarce and do not provide advice to clients. Therefore, it is the reason for conducting a survey to determine the level of satisfaction of clients receiving child health care. Materials and methods: The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, totally 1160 guardians of children aged 0-5 participated from Songinokhairkhan and Bayanzurkh district and Bayankhongor aimag center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation and environment of Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. Research methodology discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2). Results: 84.7 percent of the respondents were parents of children aged 0-5 years. Their average age is 34, most of them have higher education, and 43.0 percent of them have a household income of 500,000-1 million MNT. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Bayanzurkh District were “dissatisfied” with the Family Health Center’s dressing room, wardrobe, toilet and parking lot. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Songinokhairkhan district were “dissatisfied” in the parking lot and toilet of the health organization. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Bayankhongor aimag were satisfied with the services, operation and environment of the health organization. Studies have shown that 76.5 percent of the guardians did not receive air pollution risk training. As for difficulties in preventing air pollution, 31.4 percent of the surveyed population answered that they cannot change their living and working environment to prevent air pollution. Conclusion It shows the health care organizations need to improve the hospital environment as well as to provide training how to protect children from air pollution risk for guardians.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye condition, that occurs people aged above 50, leads to gradual loss of the vision because of a damage in the macula, which is located in the center of the retina. Several polymorphisms in different genes have been proposed as factors that increase the disease susceptibility. Therefore, we investigated the association between rs833061 polymorphism of VEGF-A gene and rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene and AMD in order to analyze with other similar studies by meta analysis. Purpose: To investigate the polymorphisms of VEGF-A gene and ARMS2 gene on AMD susceptibility Methods: is case-control study was conducted on 74 AMD patients and 32 unaffected age-and gender-matched control individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood. The single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method and results confirmed by gel electrophoresis. The REVIEW MANAGER 5.2 software and MetaXL was used for meta-analysis Results: We did not find statistically significant differences in С allele and СС genotype frequency of rs833061 polymorphism of VEGF-A gene between patients and controls. However, analysis of rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene shows that T allele (OR=2.72, 95% CI, 1.47 – 5.02, p=0.001), TT genotype (OR=4.54, 95% CI, 1.49 – 13.87,p=0.019) were significantly associated with AMD risk. Haplotype analysis of these SNPs showed that C+T haplotype was statistically significantly different (OR=5.23, 95% CI, 1.76-15.54, p=0.002) between patients and controls. Conclusion As shown by results, rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene show that T allele, TT genotype and C+T haplotype were significantly associated with AMD risk In meta-analysis, T allele of rs10490924 polymorphism of ARMS2 gene was significantly associated with AMD risk in all ethnicity that include Asian and Caucasian. However, T allele prevalence was higher in Asians.