Habitual smoking adversely affects the functions of the respiratory system. A Survey was conducted on 100 patients with respiratory diseases in the authors' institute regarding individuals' smoking habit and the following results were obtained.
1) Some respondents say they have difficulty abstaining from smoking though they perceive its unfavorable effects on their health. However, they feel a persuasive “recommendation to give up smoking” by the attending physicians a great help, and 2) earnest instruction and education for the patients are very important as many patients feel good after giving up smoking.
The relationship between habitual smoking and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in the expired air was determined in 67 healthy volunteers with an ambulatory CO analyzer and the following results were obtained.
1) There was a significant difference in the CO concentrations in the expired air between non-smokers and smokers, 2) there were positive relationships between the CO concentrations in the expired air and daily numbers of cigarettes smoked and smoking index, 3) problems relating to passive smoking became evident, and 4) the ambulatory CO analyzer for the determination of the concentration of CO in the expired air is considered useful for the anti-smoking guidance and instructions.

This present study was conducted among the nine centers of Akita prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives. This applied to women over 30 years of age, and carried out following to the standard method of the Japan Cancer Society.
The total of women examined by the first screening from April 1983 to January 1985 amounted to 15903, of which the number of women over 60 years of age was only 7 per cent of the total. According to the type of screening, the number of women slightly more in the center screening than in the local screening. However, in both types of screening, the number of women examined by the combination method, for example, anemia or uteric cancer, was much higher than that of the mass screening for breast cancer alone.
The second screening rates indicaded a marked difference of 0.4 to 21.7 per cent depending on the location of the center. The over-all average for the second screening was 3.8 per cent. As a result of the second screening, breast cancers were detected in 12 cases (0.07%). The breast cancer detection rate increased with age. It is notable that the breast cancer detection rate for women over 60 years of age was 5 times higher than for women over 40 years of age. Among other diseases detected in the second screening were mastpathy (233 cases), fibroadenoma (15 cases), mastitis (40 cases) and others.
As far the stage distribution and screening history for detected breast cancers, 60 per cent of all cancer cases were diagnosed as stage I, and 70 per cent were the initial screening. Seven out of 12 cases were aware the breast lump themselves before the first screening. From this point of view, it was suggested that every women should be educated in order to perform selfexamination.