OBJECTIVE To provide current tendency of viral transmission by test-negative blood components changing among blood donors and to improve the safety of blood for transfusion.METHODS The test data of 1 608 816 blood donors in Beijing Red Cross Blood Center from 2001 to 2008 were analyzed.RESULTS Before voluntary blood donation,the positive rate of anti-HCV was 0.16%,that of anti-HIV was 0.005% and that of anti-TP was 0.15%.After voluntary blood donation,positive rate of these components increased,there were 0.45%,0.017% and 0.48%,respectively,but the positive rate of HBsAg and ALT was decreased.After voluntary blood donation,the positive rate of HBsAg,anti-HCV,anti-HIV and anti-TP were elevated,that of ALT was decreased in greatly.CONCLUSIONS As the increasing risk of viral transmission disease,it is more important for blood safety to screen volunteer blood donors.

This paper makes a tentative exploration in the feature and responsibility of blood-bank,ethical significance embodied in the without-payment blood donation system,and the three particular ethics-based practices in Beijing Red Cross Blood-bank including "Street Corner Donation Volunteers","Involvement of Competent Blood-bank Staff in the Blood Donation",and "Community of Rare Blood Types",thus providing an account of the blood-bank culture construction from the perspectives of ideological construction,scientific development,humanistic service,and connotation construction,etc.

OBJECTSWe carried out an investigation to clarify the real state of indoor air pollution by chlorpyrifos (termiticide) and exposure to chlorpyrifos of residents by measuring its urinary metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) as an exposure index, such as biological monitoring.

METHODSThe investigation was conducted in 43 individual houses with termiticide application (whether the termiticide was chlorpyrifos is uncertain) and 3 control houses without any termiticide application in Kagawa, Japan. Urine samples were collected from 46 healthy adult residents of the aforementioned houses.

RESULTSChlorpyrifos in indoor air in the control houses was not detected (ND<1 ng/m(3), n=3), while 41 of 43 houses with termiticide application showed 1-350 ng/m(3). Although the chlorpyrifos concentrations in these 41 houses did not exceeded the indoor air quality guideline of 1000 ng/m(3), but 3 houses were higher than the guideline 100 ng/m(3) for children in Japan. Urinary TCP concentrations of 0.1-7.8 ng/mg·creatinine were detected in 41 residents from the 41 houses where chlorpyrifos had been detected. The chlorpyrifos concentration and the urinary TCP revealed a positive correlation (r=0.5468, p<0.01, n=41).

CONCLUSIONSThe immediate health hazard from air born chlorpyrifos in the examined houses was negligible, but the findings suggest that it is necessary to monitor chemicals which may contaminate indoor air and to assess the risk of prolonged exposure to such chemicals. The measuring of urinary metabolite TCP of chlorpyrifos via biological monitoring would be useful, allowing comprehensive evaluation of the exposure to chlorpyrifos in indoor air.