The effect of underwater exercise on respiratory resistance (Rrs) was examined in 12 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rrs was measured while the patients were sitting on land with quiet respiration, while immersed in water (at 38°C) up to the upper abdomen and upper chest in standing position, and while sitting on land with quiet respiration after mild underwater exercise. The mean Rrses in each condition were 0.37, 0.37, 0.42, 0.33kp/1/s. Rrs increased by 14% (p<0.005) after immersion in water up to the upper chest and decreased by 12% (p<0.001) after underwater exercise. The change after exercise showed a popitive correlation with FEV_1.0/FVC on spirogram. Although water immersion or underwater exercise of these COPD patients caused a slight load in ventilation, no significant aggravation of the subjective symptom was found.
The above results suggested that uoderwater exercise was beneficial as a physical treatment for mild cases of COPD.

Cold pressor tests were examined on the eight wintering members (mean age 35±SD 4years old) of the 28th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition to study their autonomic adaptation to local severe cold stress.
Tests were carried out 6 times with 3 month intervals through the expedition.
The first test was done on the ship in the Indian Ocean, on November 24, 1986 (Test-1). The second (Test-2), third (Test-3), fourth (Test-4) and fifth test (Test-5) were done at the Japanese Antarctic Asuka Base on February 24, 1987, May 20, 1987, August 18, 1987 and November 11, 1987, respectively. The last sixth test (Test-6) was done on the ship in the Antarctic Ocean on February 29, 1988.
The left hand was immersed in the ice floated water for three minutes for cold pressor test. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR) and variation coefficient of R-R intervals (CV_(R-R)) were examined, before immersion (F), at the beginning of immersion (A1), at the end of immersion (A2) and 2 minutes after immersion (A3).
An usual sphygmomanometer was used for blood pressure measuring and
CARDIMAX FX-102A (FUKUDA) was used for electrocardiogram. HR and CV_(R-R) were calculated from each 50 R-R intervals of ECG. Student's paired t-test was used for statistical evaluation.
SBP (A1, A2, A3), DBP (A2) and HR (A1) rose significantly (p<0.05-0.001) in Test-1. The increases in SBP (A3) and DBP (A2) were not observed in Test-2 and those after. The increase in SBP (A1) was observed in Test-2 but not after Test-3. The increase in HR (A1) was observed in Test-2 and Test-4 but not in Test-3 and after Test-5.
CV_(RR) (A1, A3) in Test-2 and CV_(RR) (A2, A3) in Test-4 decreased significantly (p<0.05-0.01). CV _(RR) (F) was relatively higher in these tests than others and was within normal range at the Test-3, Test-5 and Test-6.
The sympathetic adaptation to local severe cold seems to have advanced in 2 months and completed within 5 months in their Antarctic life. The parasympathetic function might have been excited when the sympathetic adaptation was unstable.

Psychological tests were undertaken on the eight wintering members of the 28th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (mean age 35±SD 4years old) with about 4 month intervals through the expedition.
The first test was done on the ship to Antarctica on November 24, 1986 (Test-1), and the second (Test-2), the third (Test-3) and the fourth test (Test-4) were done at the Japanese Antarctic Asuka Base on March 28, 1987, July 17, 1987 and October 11, 1987, respectively. The last fifth test (Test-5) was performed on the ship to Japan on February 29, 1988.
For psychological tests, MAS (manifest anxiety scale), CMI (Cornell Medical Index) and SRQ-D (Self-rating Questionaire for Depression) were used.
The mean scores of MAS-A, CMI-T (S, I, J+M-R) showed a tendency to become high in Test-2 and Test-3 and become low after Test-4. The mean scores of SRQ-D exhibited a tendency to become high in Test-3 and the high score continued after Test-4.
The psychological stress seems to have reached a peak point at Test-3, in July, 1987, when was the last session of winter with no sunshine at Antarctic Base.
Some management for mental health might be needed in this season for the wintering members of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition.