The middle lobe of the right lungs of 50 Chinese adults were dissected. Their shape, broncho-vascular pattern and interrelationship were studied. A superior angle, hitherto not mentioned in the literature, was identified in 76% of the specimens. In the lungs studied, 84% of the bronchus of the middle lobe bifurcated into a lateral and a medial segmental bronchus, 12% bifurcated into a superior and an inferior segmental bronchus, and in 4% trifurcated into three bronchi. Surface representation of the segmental bronchi of the right middle lobes was examined. The arterial supply of the middle lobe varied from one to three branches. 76% of the cases were supplied by two arteries. The arterial patterns of the middle lobe have been grouped into four types. The middle lobe was usually drained by one to four veins, 56% of the specimens being with only one vein. According to the tributaries of the veins, four types of venous pattern were recognized, most of them (80%) being emptied into the superior pulmonary vein. In 80% of our specimens, an intersegmental vein has been identified. There are only 24% of our specimens in which the vascular pattern was in accordance with that of the bronchial tree.

The origin,arrangement and distribution of the segmental bronchi,arteries and veins of the left upper lobe of lungs have been studied in 50 adult cadavers. The prevailing picture of the bronchi,seen in 96% of the specimens,is the bifurcated type.The superior trunks of the left upper bronchi are mostly found to be divided into an apico-posterior and an anterior segmental bronchi.The patterns of the apico-posterior segmental bronchi,seen in 68% of the specimens,are found to be B~(1+3)a and B~(1+3)b. Many of the anterior segmental bronchi,occuried in about 48%,are usually found to be splitted;and these splittings look much like to be the results of shifting of B~2a.How- ever little variations are found in the lingular trunk and its two segments. The arteries supplying the left upper lobe vary in numbers from 2 to 6;but mostly 3 or 4 branches are seen and this occurs in about 82%.The first branch of them usually goes to the anterior segment,but sometimes it may go to both the anterior and the apico-posterior segments (all together in 76%).Nearly 60% of arteries supplying the anterior segment arise from the anterior part,and about 40% of them from both the anterior and the posterior parts.The majority of arteries,nearly 80%,supplying the lingular segment,arises from the posterior part;10% from the anterior;and another 10% from both the anterior and posterior parts.The level of origin of these lingular segmental arteries is usually lower than or the same as that of the apical segmental ar- teries.All together,80% are found.A great number of arteries passing through the different segments in the left upper lobe have also been recognized in 94% of the cadavers. The veins draining from the left upper lobe usually form 3 trunks,occuring in about 60%.The common picture of the apico-posterior segmental veins are found be- longing to type Ⅱ(48%). In short,many variations are found in the arteries,less so in the veins and only a few in the bronchi of the left upper lobe.As to the number,arrangement,and more distributions of the branches of the arteries,veins and bronchi,variations are seen in the apico-posterior segment,less in the anterior segment and few in the lingular seg- ment.

The distribution and arrangement of the segmental bronchi and blood vessels of the left lower lobe have been studied in fifty Chinese adult cadavers by the same methods as we did in the other four lobes.The bronchus of the left lower lobe usually divided into four segmental bronchi,namely the apical (B~6), the antero-medial basal (B~(7+8)), lateral basal (B~9), and the posterior basal (B~(10)). Occasionally, an extra one, the subapical bronchus (B~*), has been identified in 14% of the specimens in this series.The prevailing pattern (48%) of the branching of the apical bronchus is a bifurcation having the formula "B~6b, B~6a+c". The basal trunk bronchus frequently divides into two stems--commonly B~(7+8) and B~(9+10) (60%). The status of the medial basal bronchus in the left lower lobe has been discussed.Same reason as we have discussed in the bronchial pattern of the right lower lobe, the BX~*(9) and BX~*(10) of the lower lobe should be considered as a posterior ramus of B~9 and B~(10) respectively. The posterior ramus of the lateral basal bronchus (B~9c) has been found in 64% of the specimens, and that of the posterior basal (B~(10)c) in 88%. The distributive extents of the basal segmental bronchus of the left lower lobe, seems to present a tendency of more or less counterclockwise rotation, in contrast with the right lower lobe.In one-fourth of thespecimens, the mode of the branching of the basal artery ismuch more complicated than that of the basal ronchus. The prevailing pattern of thebranches of the apical segmental artery corresponds to the bronchial pattern having theformula "A~6b, A~6a+c" (30%). Similar to the basal trunk, A~(7+8) and A~(9+10) are the chiefpatterns (34%) of the branching of the basal artery. The subapical arteries (A~*) arefound in 14%; it may originate from the lateral basal artery (6%) or the posteriorbasal artery of the superior ramus of the anterior-basal subsegmental artery. Of specialinterest are the two specimens in which A~(10) is displaced upward and arises in commonwith A~6. Such an arrangement is clinically significant.The veins of the left lower lobe coincide with those of the other four lobes, mostof them are located between segments or subsegments. The venous pattern of the leftlower lobe resembles that of the right lower lobe, the left pulmonary vein received V~6and the common basal vein. The common basal veins receives two main tributaries, thesuperior and the inferior basal vein. The former is commonly formed by V~(7+8)a+V~9 and the latter by V~(10). Such instance is present in 36% of the specimens.

Objective To characterize the skin damage induced by ultraviolet radiation in officers was observed in 67.5% of the 1286 officers and soldiers:tanning in 62.05%(798/1286),photoaging in 18.66%(240/1286),polymorphous light eruption in 13.69%(176/1286)and sunbum in 13.30%(171/1286).Two hundred and thirteen subjects each had two kinds of skin amage,and 152 subjects each had three kinds of skin damage.With the time of being in the army and cumulative sun-exposure period,the prevalence of tanning,photoaging and polymorphous light eruption increased,while the prevalence of sunburn decreased.Sunburn mostly occurred in newly assigned soldiers.Conclusions The condition of skin damage nduced by ltraviolet radiation iS severe in officers and soldiers working in high altitude,and effective measures are warranted for the prevention and treatment of the skin damage.

Objective To analyze the imaging findings of osteosarcomatosis, and to explore the value of imaging in the diagnosis of osteosarcomatosis.Methods Clinical data and imaging findings in 15 cases of osteosarcomatosis were reviewed.All of them had conventional X-ray films, 13 cases had CT scanning, 11 cases had ECT scanning, 5 cases had MR scanning, and 4 cases with DSA.Results Eight primary lesions were located in the distal femur, 5 in the proximal tibia, 1 in humerus, and 1 in clavicle.Secondary lesions were scattered in proximal tibia in 8, distal femur in 6, spine in 6, pelvis in 2, and other sites.The primary lesion showed typical X-ray finding of osteosarcoma, but lesions at other position showed mainly high density of osteogenesis in all 15 cases.In 13 cases, CT played an important role in defining the extent of the tumor and soft tissue masses.CT scanning was sensitive in detecting osteosclerotic lesions in the bone marrow.In 5 cases, MRI was useful in delineating the extent of tumor and soft tissues mass, as well as the extent of tumor in bone marrow.ECT had the capacity of showing the radionuclide concentration of tumor focus in the whole body in a single scan in 11 patients.Conclusion Osteosarcomatosis has multiple lesions all over the body.Imaging modalities including X-ray plain film, CT, MRI, and ECT are all important in finding the lesions and in diagnosing osteosarcomatosis.

Objective To investigate the value of time-intensity curve of dynamic contrast enhancement MR imaging in the discrimination of benign and malignancy in musculoskeletal tumors. Methods Ninety patients were examined with fast acquisition with muhiphase enhanced fast GRE series. The TIC of lesions were obtained using slope images in which pixel intensity reflected the slope value. The curves were classified according to their shapes as type Ⅰ , washout enhancement; type Ⅱ, plateau enhancement; type Ⅲ, gradual enhancement. Taking pathological diagnosis as gold standard, the power of the maximal enhancement slope and curve types in discriminating benign and malignant lesions was evaluated by appropriate statistic analysis. Results There were 49 malignant and 44 benign lesions. The distribution of curve types for malignant tumors was type Ⅰ 75.5% ( 37/49), type Ⅱ 24. 5% (12/49). While the numbers for benign tumors was type Ⅰ 59. 1% ( 26/44 ), type Ⅱ 15.9% ( 7/44 ) and type Ⅲ 25.0% ( 11/44 ), respectively. The patterns of curve types in malignant lesions were different from benign lesions significantly ( χ2 = 14. 008, P < 0. 01 ). The slope value in benign lesion was 6. 80 + 3. 35 and that in malignant lesion was 6. 80±2. 71. The difference was not statistically significant( t = 0. 008, P > 0. 05 ). Type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ (excluding lesions with typical benign morphology ) were suggestive of malignant tumors. Type Ⅲ was indicator of a benign lesion. The diagnostic indices for the shape of TIC criterion were: sensitivity 100%, specificity 50%, positive predictive value 78%, negative predictive value 100% and accuracy 82%, respectively. Conclusion Combined with the characteristic of morphology, the TIC improves the power of MR imaging in discriminating benign from malignant musculoskeletal tumors.