Objectives To observe the co-activation phenomenon during exercise fatigue induced by the proximal muscles on the upper limbs.Methods Sixteen undergraduates not majoring in sports participated in this study,and their left arms were chosen as the observed arms and right arms were selected as the weighted arms.The weighted arm was alternatively in the state of relaxation without any load and fatigue after bending and extending elbow joints to uphold a 5 kg dumbbell.However,the observed arm kept weighing a 4 kg dumbbell with 90 degrees elbow flexion until the muscles were exhausted.The surface electromyography of biceps brachii and triceps brachii of the observed arms was measured using the ME6000.And the integrated surface electromyography (IEMG),root of mean square (RMS),mean power frequency (MPF)and median frequency (MF)were further analyzed.Results The IEMG and RMS of biceps brachii and triceps brachii of the observed arms increased gradually after the exercise began (P＜0.05)regardless of in the relaxed state or in the in the state of weighing a 5 kg dumbbell for the weighted arm,but in the state of weighting a 5 kg dumbbell the IEMG and RMS increased more significantly (P＜0.01),Meanwhile the electrical activities of the triceps brachii as an antagonistic muscle were intensively inhibited.The changes of MPF and MF of biceps brachii in the observed arms were more significant in the state of exercise fatigue than in the relaxed state (P＜0.01),but without such an impact on the triceps brachii.Conclusions The fatigue in one arm can trigger contingent changes in sEMG time domain and frequency domain indexes of its contralateral parallel muscles,suggesting that sEMG changes of upper limb proximal muscles have the co-activation effect.

Central nervous system (CNS) injury, including brain injury and spinal cord injury, has higher disability and mortality. Therefore, CNS injury repair has been a research emphasis and focus in the field of neuroscience. The limited neurons intrinsic regenerative capacity in adult mammalians is one of the reasons of regeneration difficulties after CNS injury. However, the more important reason is the formation of inhibitive glial microenvironment at the local lesion sites. This article reviews the roles of all types of cells, such as astrocyte, microglia, taxi oligodendroglia in gtial microenvironment in CNS injury repair.

The application of recanalization devices in patients with acute iscbemic stroke has significantly increased the rate of vascular recanalization, however it does not significantly improve the outcome of patients. So, there have been controversies whether continue to restrict recanalization devices to clinical trials or direct transition to clinical practice in the absence of randomized controlled trial evidence.

In recent years,the incidence of colorectal polyps and colorectal carcinoma showed a trend to increase gradually. Statistical analysis demonstrated that 80% of colorectal carcinoma were developed from colorectal adenoma,and adenomatous polyps accounted for 1 / 2-1 / 3 of colorectal polyps. Endoscopy is the golden standard for examining intestinal lesions,yet it is not completely correct and certain missed diagnosis has occurred. Factors causing missed diagnosis of colonoscopy include lesion factors and non-lesion factors. This article reviewed the advances in studies on missed diagnosis of intestinal polyps and related factors in colonoscopic examination.

Objective To analyze the relationship between plasma copeptin level and prognosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).Methods The clinical data of 48 SAP patients from January 2010 to October 2014 were collected and another 48 patients who accepted healthexamination dur-ing the same period were selected as controls.Difference in plasma copeptin level was compared between groups.The results of APACHEⅡ,Ranson and modified Marshall scores were also collected to evaluate the severity of disease and the existence of MODS.The prevalence of pancreas and peripancreatic tissues effusion,necrosis,pancreas and peripancreatic abscess,pancreatic pseudocyst and mortality of the experi-mental group were recorded to analyze the relationship among plasma copeptin,complications and mortali-ty.Results The plasma level of copeptin of the experimental group was 0.83 ~5.49ng/ml,with a mean of(3.48 ±1.32)ng/ml;while in the control group,it was 0.09 ~1.46ng/ml,with a mean of(0.23 ± 0.06)ng/ml.There was significant difference between the groups(P <0.05).Patient with a high plasma copeptin level may have a higher risk for local complication,MODS and mortality,and there was significant difference between the groups(P <0.05).A ROC curve identified that a plasma copeptin level >4.02 ng/mL predicted in-hospital mortality of patients,with a sensitivity of 72.7%and a specificity of 81.0%(AUC =0.831,95%CI =1.051 ~1.679,P <0.001).Conclusion SAP patients have elevated levels of plasma copeptin,and higher copeptin levels predict high risks of complications and mortality.

Unlike modern large differences between Chinese and Western medicine , in the early stage of hu-man development , the ancient Greek medicine and ancient Chinese medicine during their exploration has a remark-ably consistent .They all represent the most wisdom philosophy , and good tradition a doctor should have , and thus formed the medical ethics that affect later generations .We can see segment of a whole from the theoretical system between the earliest Chinese medical Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor which formed in the spring and autumn period and the warring states period and Hippocratic Corpus which is on behalf of the 5th century BC to the 2nd century BC, the ancient Greek medicine highest achievement .But since then , Chinese traditional medicine and Western medicine have achieved the last collision , And around the second century AD completely broke ranks .We have to seek the origins from the two kinds of heterogeneous soil China and ancient Greece .Research of the relationship be-tween the period of medicine and philosophy can help us find beneficial enlightenment for the difference .

Chronic atrophic gastritis( CAG)is a commonly seen digestive tract disease with the histopathological findings of mucosa inflammation,gland atrophy,intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Intestinal metaplasia is considered as a typical sign of CAG. In recent years,with the rapid progress of endoscopic technique,new technology has been applied for the diagnosis of CAG. This article reviewed the advances in studies on ordinary endoscopy,narrow-band imaging technique,magnifying endoscopy,narrow-band imaging-magnifying endoscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of CAG.

BACKGROUND:The power output of the human joints depends on the activation of agonists and antagonist muscles around the joints, and the antagonist muscle is involved in physical activity in a co-activated manner, thereby helping to maintain joint stability. But there are less reports on the central nervous system strategies of antagonist co-activation under different muscle contraction modes. OBJECTIVE:To observe the characteristics and differences of surface electromyography (sEMG) of agonists and antagonist muscles of the knee joints during maximal and submaximal isokinetic exercises until fatigue. METHODS:Sixteen students were enroled, who developed the right knee joint fatigue induced by the Biodex isokinetic equipment, and simultaneously sEMG activities of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris were recorded by the myoelectrical equipment. The RMS (%) and mean frequency were selected to analyze sEMG characteristics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the maximal isokinetic fatigue, the peak torque was decreased by 40.3% (P < 0.05) and the sEMG activity of agonists gradualy increased and then declined, but the sEMG activity of antagonists kept constant. In the submaximal isokinetic fatigue, the peak torque was decreased by 40.0% (P < 0.05), the sEMG activity of agonists gradualy increased (P < 0.05), and however the sEMG activity of the antagonists initialy increased and then decreased. The RMS and mean frequency of vastus medialis and lateralis as antagonists at selected reciprocal contractions showed no significant changes (P > 0.05). These results suggest that in the different intensities of isokinetic fatigue, the central nervous system employs different neural strategies on agonists and antagonists.

Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) is a group of functional RNA molecules, which is more than 200 nucleotides in length and lacks ability of encoding protein. The current study indicates that the abnormal expression of lncRNA is closely related with breast cancer progression. Some lncRNA takes part in regulating the process of breast cancer invasion and metastasis. This article reviews the abnormal expression of lncRNA in breast cancer and the relevance with breast cancer invasion and metastasis, which is expected to provide new strategy for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of tirofiban in treatment of patients with high-risk non-ST-segment elevation of acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS),in order to improve the level of treatment effect. Methods 90 cases with high-risk NSTE ACS from January 2011 to April 2013 were randomly divided into control group and observation group. The control group were received treatments of conventional aspirin,clopidogrel, anticoagulation,coronary angiography (CAG)and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI),while the observation group were added tirofiban therapy an the basis of control group. After the treatment,the differences of cardiovascular adverse events,thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI)flow grade and complications in both two group were observed and compared. Results There were significant differences in major adverse cardiovascular events in the distal vascular blockage,surgery without reflux,recurrent angina and myocardial infarction and post-PCI TIMI flow grade 2 and 3 (P<0.05),but not in bleeding complications,TIMI flow grade 0 and 1 before and after PCI treatment. Conclusion Tirofiban is safe and effective in treatment of high-risk NSTE ACS in interventional procedures. It can improve TIMI flow, increase tissue perfusion and reduce postoperative complications.