No abstract available.
Streptococcus*

No abstract available.
Streptococcus

No abstract available.
Streptococcus*

No abstract available.
Penicillins ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

No Abstract Available.
Catalase* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

No abstract available.
Morus ; Streptococcus ; Streptococcus mutans

A study on 889 children ages of 6-15 in 8 schools in the urban of Hanoi and 367 childen ages of 6-15 of 2 schools in the suburb of Hanoi has shown that the rate of streptococcicosis A in the throat was 15.3%. There is no different of the rate of streptococcicosis. A between male and female and between pupils of primary school ages and pupils of secondary school. The children with upper respiratory tract infection were a higher risk of streptococcisis than others.
Streptococcus ; Population

Pneumococcal disease, caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major burden to global health. Although the World Health Organisation (WHO) strongly recommends the inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in national immunisation programmes (NIP’s) worldwide, this has not occurred in many countries in the WHO South East Asia and Western Pacific regions – particularly longstanding middle-income countries. It is widely accepted that carriage of S. pneumoniae is a precursor to developing any pneumococcal disease. The reduction in pneumococcal disease from vaccine serotypes (VT) following widespread implementation of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is believed to be through the direct immunogenic protective effect of immunised individuals as well as indirectly through herd immunity diminishing the incidence of disease in nonimmunised individuals. In Malaysia, pneumococcal disease is not included in national surveillance programmes and although PCVs have been licensed, they have not been included in the NIP. Hence, the vaccine is only available privately and the majority of the population is not able to afford it. There is an urgent need to develop surveillance programmes in Malaysia to include pneumococcal serotype data from carriage and invasive disease so that it may help guide national vaccine policy prior to a decision being taken on the inclusion of PCVs in the NIP.
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Background: Identifying the causes of childhood meningitis is difficult. Conventional diagnostic tests (culture, bacterial latex and Gram staining) have limitations, especially in settings where many children receive antibiotics prior to presentation. A point-of-care test called Binax NOW detects meningitis due to 'Streptococcus pneumoniae' in 15 minutes and is not affected by pre-test antibiotic use.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted among children with suspected bacterial meningitis at Angau Memorial General Hospital to evaluate the usefulness of the Binax NOW 'S. pneumoniae' test in comparison with conventional tests: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial culture, Gram stain and latex agglutination. Latex antigen testing was done for 'S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis'. We analysed the CSF of all children who had a lumbar puncture done for clinical suspicion of meningitis. FINDINGS: 132 children were enrolled in the study, of which 3 were excluded because of insufficient CSF sample to do the Binax NOW test. 5 CSFs were culture positive, all for 'S. pneumoniae'. 13 (10%) of 129 CSF specimens had organisms seen with Gram staining; 7 had Gram-positive cocci and 6 showed Gram-negative bacteria. Latex antigens were positive in 20 cases: for S. pneumoniae (11), 'H. influenzae' (8), 'N. meningitidis' (1). Using the 3 conventional tests combined (culture, Gram stain and antigens) 14 cases of 'S. pneumoniae' meningitis were detected. Binax NOW was positive for 'S. pneumoniae' in 19 cases (15% of meningitis cases): the 14 samples positive by conventional methods and a further 5 cases that were not detected by conventional methods.

Conclusion: The Binax NOW test increases the diagnostic yield for pneumococcal meningitis on CSF. This may be important in surveillance for the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 2014, and in clinical diagnosis. 'H. influenzae' is rarely identified on culture in PNG provincial hospital laboratories, so latex antigen testing is still needed for the accurate diagnosis of 'Haemophilus' meningitis and monitoring of the effectiveness of 'Haemophilus influenzae' type b vaccine.
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Background: Antibacterial drugs are used for suppressing harmful bacteria. However, some are reported to have side effects which led researchers to investigate plants with antimicrobial properties as potential alternatives. One such indigenous plant is the Vitex parviflora A. juss, “molave” or “mulawin” tree. Objective: This study determined and compared the antibacterial efficacy of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml concentrations of fresh local molave leaves methanolic extract with 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and 95% methanol on growth inhibition of S. mutans. Methodology: Five hundred grams of fresh molave leaves were collected and subjected to methanolic extraction. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test by disk diffusion of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml molave extract concentrations, 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and 95% methanol on 18 Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates inoculated with S. mutans was done. For cost-efficiency, the total sample size of 80 plates was reduced by placing 5 test groups in one plate divided into five portions done in 18 replicates. After 48 hours of incubation in anaerobic conditions, resulting zones of inhibition were measured. Data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Results: The mean diameter of inhibition zones produced by 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml concentrations of molave methanolic leaves extract and 0.12% chlorhexidine was 15.78 mm, 11.63 mm, and 21.44 mm, respectively. Distilled water and 95% methanol did not inhibit bacterial growth. The 100 mg/ml concentration has stronger antibacterial properties than the 50 mg/ml. Conclusion The Vitex parviflora A. Juss methanolic leaves extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of S. mutans in vitro. Both concentrations were relatively weaker compared to chlorhexidine.
Streptococcus mutans