Study quality of 10 tapioca starch samples, which were used to make excipient pill in some medicine enterprises in Ha Noi and Central area based on of standard II part 3 of Vietnam pharmacopoeia and 24 America pharmacopoeia. Result showed: most of tapioca starch that used to make excipient in the enterprises had low quality. The study constructed elaboration of refinement method for jambose tapioca starch come up to starch of jambose standard of America pharmacopoiea 24. Base on the process of purify tapioca starch can purify tapioca starch with big size and get to high quality.
Starch ; Excipients ; Pharmacopoeias

PURPOSE: This research aims at developing a PC-based spinal screw insertion simulation program and rapid prototyping spine models for correct placement of spinal screws. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a surgical simulator on top of a 3-D medical imaging system V-worksTM (Cybermed, Inc.) and used Z-402 (Z Corporation) models made of hardened starch. RESULTS: The first phase is training surgeons using the simulation software. The trainees could simulate the insertion of spinal screws using the PC-based software. The second phase is a planning software to determine the ideal entry point and insertion angle using the multiplanar reconstruction images of spine CT. Finally, a rapid prototyping model of which the size is identical to the actual bone is produced for simulation surgery prior to the actual one. CONCLUSION: The system provides a tool for educating and training the beginners of spinal screw insertion, and also a pre-surgical simulation environment for planning the actual insertion surgery.
Diagnostic Imaging ; Spine ; Starch

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to characterize and compare the physicochemical and pharmacopoeial properties of starches isolated from the seeds of Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco (marang), Nephelium lappaceum L. (rambutan), and unripe green Mangifera indica L. (mango) with corn starch, as possible sources of pharmaceutical grade starch.

METHODS: The starch from the seeds of these fruits was isolated and characterized through their physicochemical (organoleptic characteristics, percent yield, amylose-amylopectin ratio, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner ratio, angle of repose, solubility, swelling power, and viscosity) and pharmacopoeial properties (identification test, pH, loss on drying, and limit of iron). Morphology of the granules was also assessed.

RESULTS: The physicochemical properties showed that amylose content of the seed starches was significantly lower (p=0.001) and amylopectin content significantly higher (p=0.001) than the native high amylose corn starch. The lower values of bulk and tapped densities, and high values in compressibility index and Hausner ratio of the seed starches compared to corn starch may be due to their smaller particles. The results of the pharmacopoeial characterization showed compliance with the United States Pharmacopeia's (USP) acceptable limits, except for the pH of marang seeds.

CONCLUSION: The starches isolated from the fruit seeds have unique properties, but only rambutan seed starch has the most desirable physicochemical and pharmacopoeial properties that is comparable with corn starch. Rambutan seeds could be utilized as a source of starch for pharmaceutical applications.

Background: Gold nanoparticles have been studied extensively for their potential application in the detection of important analytes. Their relative ease of synthesis through numerous procedures makes possible their implementation in a variety of assays. Cysteine (cys), a thiol-containing amino acid implicated in numerous pathologies such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), has been routinely detected through expensive fluorometric assay kits. Objectives: As such, this study aimed to develop a carbohydrate-based gold nanoparticle colorimetric assay for the convenient and straightforward detection of cys. Methodology: Carbohydrate-based gold nanoparticles (c-AuNPs) were synthesized following a microwaveassisted procedure. The as-prepared c-AuNPs were used to detect cys by plotting the ratio of the absorbances of the aggregated and dispersed gold nanoparticles against the concentration of cys. Results: The c-AuNP solutions were able to detect cys in the micromolar range, with the glucose-based AuNPs (glc-AuNPs) showing the widest linear range (16.7 μm to 167 μm), and the fructose-based gold nanoparticles (frc-AuNPs) exhibiting the lowest detection limit (9.0 μm) for cys. Aside from being able to detect cys, the c-AuNPs were also responsive to tyr and lys. Conclusion This study demonstrates that carbohydrate-based gold nanoparticles prepared following a microwave-assisted procedure using sugars as reducing agents and capping agents can be used successfully in the detection of cysteine.
Cysteine ; Carbohydrates ; Starch

BACKGROUND: Hemodilution reduces the concentration of clotting factors in blood and it may induce some degree of coagulation impairment. The goal of this study is to investigate the changes of coagulation status during progressive hemodilution with several solutions. METHODS: Sixty healthy patients were randomly allocated to six groups according to experimental solution, and each group contained 10 patients. Whole blood was diluted by 0%, 10%, 25%, 50% with 0.9% normal saline, 4% modified fluid gelatin, 10% pentastarch, 10% dextran 40 and two brands of 6% hydroxyethyl starchs (Salinehes(R) , HAES-steril(R) ). At each dilution, thromboelastographic parameters {(r, k, alpha angle, maximum amplitude (MA)} were measured using thromboelastography (TEG) and were compared with those of an undiluted specimen obtained concurrently from the same patients. RESULTS: Hemodilutions of 25% and 50% with 0.9% normal saline decreased r and k times, and increased alpha angle but there was no difference in MA. Hemodilutions of 10% and 25% with modified gelatin solution did not change the parameters. However, 50% hemodilution of the gelatin solution decreased the k time and increased alpha angle. Hemodilutions of more than 10% with 10% pentastarch increased the k time, decreased alpha angle and MA. Hemodilutions of more than 10% with 10% dextran 40 increased r and k times, and decreased alpha angles and MA according to the quantities of this dilutional solution. Hemodilutions of more than 25% with 10% dextran 40 increased k times above 400%. Hemodilutions of more than 10% of 6% HES (Salinehes(R) , M.W: 70,000 dalton) decreased MA. Hemodilutions of more than 10% of 6% HES (HAES-steril(R) , M.W: 200,000 dalton) decreased the alpha angle. CONCLUSIONS: 25% and 50% hemodilutions of 0.9% normal saline induce a hypercoagulable state, but hemodilutions of more than 10% with each colloid solution decreased coagulability of whole blood according to the degree of dilution, except in the case of modified fluid gelatin solution. Hemodilutions of more than 25% with 10% dextran 40 induce a severe coagulation impairment.
Colloids ; Dextrans ; Gelatin ; Hemodilution* ; Humans ; Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives ; Starch ; Thrombelastography*

In this work we studied the partial hydrolysis of tapioka starch with acid oxalic. The product obtained from this study can by used as a binder in granulation
Starch ; Manufactured Materials ; Oxalic Acid

Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) have good physiochemical properties and excellent physiological functions to make it widely used in food, medicine, feed, cosmetics and other industries. However, the procedures for industrial production of IMO are complicated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an economical and easy-to-operate method. The genes encoding for β-amylase and α-transglucosidase were fused and co-displayed on the yeast cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica which can convert liquefied starch to IMO in one step. The highest IMO purity of 75.3% was obtained using the displayed fusion-enzyme at 50 °C. This method showed potential application in IMO production.
Oligosaccharides ; Starch ; Yarrowia ; beta-Amylase

Starch is composed of glucose units linked by α-1, 4-glucoside bond and α-1, 6-glucoside bond. It is the main component of foods and the primary raw material for starch processing industry. Pullulanase can effectively hydrolyze the α-1, 6-glucoside bond in starch molecules. Combined with other starch processing enzymes, it can effectively improve the starch utilization rate. Therefore, it has been widely used in the starch processing industry. This paper summarized the screening of pullulanase-producing strain and its encoding genes. In addition, the effects of expression elements and fermentation conditions on the production of pullulanase were summarized. Moreover, the progress in crystal structure elucidation and molecular modification of pullulanase was discussed. Lastly, future perspectives on pullulanase research were proposed.
Glycoside Hydrolases/genetics* ; Starch/metabolism*

BACKGROUND: A successful cord blood (CB) bank requires long-term storage of a large number of CB units with good quality. To provide an optimal storage condition and to solve issues of space, many techniques have been developed to remove the plasma and RBC with maintenance of the quality and cell dose. We compared the results of the use of two different automated systems with the hydroxyethyl starch (HES) sedimentation method used in routine manual processing. METHODS: A total of 38 donated CB units with informed consent (18 June 2007~16 July 2007) were randomly selected and enrolled. We performed volume reduction of 20 units with the Sepax(R) S-100 (Sepax), 18 units with the AXP(TM) AutoXpress Platform (AXP), and compared the levels of nucleated cell recoveries, viability, and CD34+ cell/total nucleated cells (TNC) with the levels of 20 units processed using the HES method in the same period. The correlations of the initial TNC with cell recoveries were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean values of the TNC recoveries, viabilities, and CD34+ cell/TNC among the three methods were similar (P=0.75; P=0.13; P=0.75). However, the MNC recovery was significantly higher with the use of the AXP system (89.2%, P<0.001) than the other methods. The Sepax system also showed a reduced SD for TNC recovery. Moreover, cell recovery rates were independent of the initial TNC counts. CONCLUSION: The Sepax and AXP automated cord blood process systems allow similar cell recoveries and viability as compared with the HES method. With the results of this study, a cord blood bank may be able to use an automated system considering the facility, personnel and the workload.
Fetal Blood* ; Informed Consent ; Plasma ; Starch

Coupling sugar is a kind of new sweetener which can substitute sucrose. It has a good application prospect in food, medicine and other fields because of its good coloration, water retention and anti caries. The purpose of this study was to find cheap and easily available donor and acceptor, and to optimize the preparation process of coupling sugar by using β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacilluscirculans 251. Using sucrose as acceptor, the factors of preparing coupling sugar was optimized, including enzyme dosage, starch types, temperature, pH, ratio of starch/sucrose, and cooperation of isoamylase and β-CGTase. When 105 g/L potato starch and 95 g/L sucrose was used as substrates, the yield of coupling sugar reached 88.4%, which was catalyzed by 13.5 U/g immobilized β-CGTase and 45.0 U/g isoamylase under the conditions of pH 5.5 and 40 °C for 21 h. In this study, isoamylase and β-CGTase were used to prepare coupling sugar innovatively. This method had obvious advantages in yield and cost, which laid both theoretical and experimental foundation for the industrial enzymatic preparation of coupling sugars.
Glucosyltransferases ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Isoamylase ; Starch