Using sorbitol - a cheap and easy-to-find material in Vietnam, the authors built a relative optimal and complete protocol to synthesize isosorbide and isosorbide dinitrate (productivity of 64%). Test purity isosorbide dinitrate and solution of 25% isosorbide dinitrate. With purity isosorbite dinitrate: qualitative analysis by IR and test by HPLC method were conducted; isosorbide dinitrate solution was test according to USP 24 and checked by this standard. All products meet USP 24 standard
Isosorbide Dinitrate ; Sorbitol

The main problems of transurethral prostatectomy were intraoperative blood loss and absorption or irrigating fluid. The reduced serum sodium concentration and osmolality. regarded as cause of TURP syndrome. was caused by dilution by several liters of irrigating fluid. Early recognition. while surgery is being performed is important to prevent development of hypovolemia. especially in the aged group. From January 1990 to June 1990. prospective study for the determination of the amount of irrigating fluid absorbed by use of plasma sorbitol concentration, serum electrolytes change and other related factors was undertaken in 30 patients undergoing TURP with manufactured URIONE solution (sorbitol 2.7 gm+mannitol 0.54 gm/100 ml distilled water) as irrigating fluid. An accurate measurement of plasma sorbitol concentration absorbed was obtained by Beutler`s enzymatic sorbitol analysis. Statistical evaluation of all data obtained was made using the `t-test` with significance at 0.1 percent or less. Mean plasma sorbitol concentration absorbed, blood loss. absorbed irrigating fluid volume were 474.2+/-344.3 mg/1.216 ml and 554.3+/-300.2 ml, respectively. A statistically significant positive interrelationship was found among absorbed plasma sorbitol concentration, serum sodium change and absorbed irrigating fluid volume (p<0.001). Also significant correlations could be obtained between absorbed irrigating fluid volume and serum sodium change (p<0.001).
Absorption ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Hypovolemia ; Osmolar Concentration ; Plasma* ; Prospective Studies ; Sodium ; Sorbitol* ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate*

Chronic nonspecific diarrhea (CNSD) or toddler's diarrhea is the most frequent cause of chronic diarrhea in young children of developed countries. The pathogenesis of CNSD remains unclear. It has been associated with drinking large amounts of fluids and fruit juices that contain large amounts of fructose and sorbitol. Reduction in the intake of fat and fiber can also be the cause of CNSD. Children with CNSD do not show signs of malnutrition or growth retardation. They experience watery stools four to more than ten times daily. Stools are foul smelling, occasionally with undigested food remnants because of the short transit time. The patients do not normally suffer from their ailment; however, diarrhea may cause parents to be extremely worried. Pediatricians and primary physicians have to diagnose CNSD with clinical symptoms and exclusion of specific illness. Proper dietary manipulation improves the condition of most patients.
Child ; Developed Countries ; Diarrhea ; Drinking ; Fructose ; Fruit ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Parents ; Smell ; Sorbitol

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between serum total testosterone levels and scores on the Aging Male's Symptom (AMS) scale and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) in men with erectile dysfunction with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2005 to July 2008, 134 patients who complained of sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction or decreased libido as the main symptoms of TDS with serum total testosterone levels less than 3.5 ng/ml were evaluated by independent t-test and linear regression analysis, respectively. Patients with treated hypogonadism within 6 months, with a history of taking a PDE5 inhibitor or an antidepressant for a depressive disorder, or who had metabolic syndrome were excluded from this study. RESULTS: The AMS scale and its 3 subdomain scores were not significantly correlated with the total testosterone level. By contrast, the total IIEF score and the score of each IIEF domain except sexual desire showed a weakly significantly positive correlation with serum total testosterone. CONCLUSIONS: In TDS patients with erectile dysfunction, there was a low relationship between serum total testosterone levels and the AMS scale and a weakly positive correlation between total testosterone levels and all IIEF domains except sexual desire. There was a low relationship between the AMS scale, the sexual desire domain score of the IIEF, and total testosterone. We should understand these limitations when evaluating patients with erectile dysfunction with TDS. New scales should be developed for the evaluation of erectile dysfunction in these patients.
Aging ; Depressive Disorder ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Libido ; Linear Models ; Male ; Sorbitol ; Testosterone ; Tyramine ; Weights and Measures

Constipation is one of the most common symptoms that a child visits pediatrician. The general approach to the child with functional constipation includes the following steps; disimpaction, maintenance and withdrawal of medication. There are many drugs which can be applied to children; osmotic agents (lactulose, sorbitol, magnesium hydroxide/citrate, polyethylene glycol with/without electrolytes, sodium phosphate, glycerin), stimulants (senna, bisacodyl, caster oil), lubricant (mineral oil), bulking agent (psyllium, cellulose, glucomannan). At each stage of treatment, one or some of these drug can be applied to the purpose. The author tries to summarize recent studies on drugs for constipation in child, and finally introduces new dugs for constipation which is under investigation.
Bisacodyl ; Cellulose ; Child ; Constipation ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Phosphates ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Sodium ; Sorbitol

Constipation is one of the most common symptoms that a child visits pediatrician. The general approach to the child with functional constipation includes the following steps; disimpaction, maintenance and withdrawal of medication. There are many drugs which can be applied to children; osmotic agents (lactulose, sorbitol, magnesium hydroxide/citrate, polyethylene glycol with/without electrolytes, sodium phosphate, glycerin), stimulants (senna, bisacodyl, caster oil), lubricant (mineral oil), bulking agent (psyllium, cellulose, glucomannan). At each stage of treatment, one or some of these drug can be applied to the purpose. The author tries to summarize recent studies on drugs for constipation in child, and finally introduces new dugs for constipation which is under investigation.
Bisacodyl ; Cellulose ; Child ; Constipation ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Phosphates ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Sodium ; Sorbitol

PURPOSE: Telemedical maritime assistance service (TMAS) is performed in several ways when a seafarer falls sick under circumstances where the ship is far away from shore without possibility of medevac. The current methods operating in Korea are described and compared in order to grasp the actual circumstances in terms of importance. METHODS: From June 2012 to July 2013, a total of 523 cases were consulted roughly by means of satellite-phone, e-mail, and website homepage at TMAS center of Busan metropolitan city fire safety headquarters and the final clinical outcomes of these registered cases according to illness or injury after a certain period of time was studied retrospectively. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in classification of ship company, headquarters of ship company informed, added photos, added drug-list, and final clinical outcome (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.027, respectively) according to whether or not homepage-consultation were observed between crossed-analyzed groups; and significant differences in age-group, consult through satellite-phone, added photos, and final clinical outcome according to illness or injury were observed between crossed-analyzed groups (p<0.001, p=0.046, p=0.017, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The website designated for TMAS is expected to play a positive role. In addition, education of seafarers should also be implemented at the same time because the off-shore circumstances are quite different from those of onshore.
Busan ; Classification ; Education ; Electronic Mail ; Fires* ; Hand Strength ; Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Ships ; Sorbitol ; Telemedicine

Since the elderly population has been increasing recently in our country, old male patients with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) with a significantly decreasing quality of life are becoming increasingly common. TDS in males is defined as a biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age and characterized by clinical manifestation and a deficiency in the serum testosterone level. These patients should be treated with extrinsic testosterone to improve quality of life. TDS in males should be diagnosed in the case of clinical manifestation with serum total testosterone <8 nmol/L (230 ng/dL) or calculated free testosterone <225 pmol/L (65 pg/mL) but not diagnosed in the case of serum total testosterone >12 nmol/L (350 ng/dL). Products for testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) are administrated orally, transdermally, and through injectable preparations. Daily testosterone undecanoate is widely used for oral administration with good results and no hepatotoxicity. Short-acting intramuscular preparations are very effective but show wide swings in the resulting supra-physiological level of serum testosterone. Long-acting intramuscular preparations is also very effective and lasting for 3 months with normal physiologic levels. Many products for TRT on the market are effective and generally safe. However, those have a few significant adverse events each other. The ideal product should have notable effectsand few side effects, (such as selective androgen receptor modulators), be easy to administrate, maintain physiologic serum concentration, and be inexpensive. TDS in males can easily be correct by TRT. However, the advantages and disadvantages of the individual products and follow-up management of complicated adverse events should be understood before starting and maintaining TRT.
Administration, Oral ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Receptors, Androgen ; Sorbitol ; Testosterone ; Tyramine

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to develop an accurate, convenient, and easy microplate system for the identification of enterococcal species from clinical specimens. METHODS: The microplate identification method was composed of twelve biochemical tests and identification programs. The tests comprised in microplate were initially screened by a two-tube method, NaCl-esculin hydrolysis and pyrrolidonyl-beta-naphthylamide test; arginine dihydrolase, acid production from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, arabinose, raffinose, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, and ribose in the microplate; and pigment production and hemolytic pattern in blood agar plate. The performance of the microplate for identifying enterococci to the species level was evaluated in comparison with conventional reference tests and commercial kits. RESULTS: Among the 111 clinical isolates of Enterococcus species, the microplate system correctly identified 100% to genus level, and 91.0% to species level. All of E. casseliflavus, E. durans, and E. hirae were correctly identified by the microplate. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for identification of Enterococcus species were as follows: 100% and 96.7% in E. faecium, 93.5% and 100% in E. faecalis, 100% and 97.2% in E. raffinosus, and 33.3% and 98.1% in both E. avium and E. gallinarum. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the microplate method offers a simple, cost-effective, rapid, and accurate identification system for the identification of most clinical isolates of Enterococcus species.
Agar ; Arabinose ; Arginine ; Enterococcus* ; Hydrolysis ; Mannitol ; Raffinose ; Ribose ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sorbitol ; Sucrose

The intracellular accumulation of sorbitol, a product, which arises from polyol pathway: one of glucose metabolic pathways, has been said to be one of the pathogens for diabetic retinopathy. So, to obtain fundamental data regarding the time of administratin as well as the dosage of aldose reductase inhibitor(ARI) which inhibits the formation of sorbitol, we examined the interrelationship between RBC-sorbitol and glucose, HbAlc, and the association of RBC-Sorbitol with the severity of diabetic retinopathy in fifty NIDDM patients(20 No diabetic retinopathy, 10 mild NPDR, 10 sever NPDR, 10 PDR). In results, there was no association between RBC-sorbitol and glucose(r=0.172), between RBC-sorbitol and HbAlC(r=0.262), also there was no discernible RBC-Sorbitol level in each degree of diabetic retinopathic severity (F`=0.67, p>0.05), and wide variation of RBC-sorbitol level in each diabetic patients. Thus, for the progression of diabetic retinopathy, the duration time of high sorbitol level was predicted to be of more important value than the sorbitol level at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, we have shown through the research that ARI needs to be administered early on when RBC-Sorbitol level is higher than normal and in terms of ARI dosage, administering differenct ARI dosage according to different sorbitol level of each patient will be more effective for prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Aldehyde Reductase ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Diagnosis ; Glucose ; Humans ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Sorbitol