BACKGROUND: At present, composite resin has been dominantly applied on bonding brackets, but dental enamel is prone to the injury on the surface when the brackets are removed, resulting from the high bonding strength. OBJECTIVE: To compare the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index of three orthodontic bonding adhesives at 5 minutes and 15 minutes after bonding orthodontic brackets. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized grouping control experiment was completed in the Laboratory of Stomatology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from June to October in 2007. MATERIALS: For the sake of orthodontic, 90 premolars were extracted from the volunteers, who signed the informed consents to the study. Buccal surface enamel was observed under 10-power magnifying glass to be intact and untreated, without crack or dental caries, excluding tetracycline stained teeth and dental fluorosis. Jingjin enamel adhesive (Tianjin); light-cured resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) adhesive (Fuji, GC, Japan); Transbond XT and self-etching primer (3M Uniteck). METHODS: Ninety teeth were randomly allocated into three groups (n=30) as follows: Jingjin enamel adhesive group, light-cured RMGIC adhesive group, and self-etching adhesive group. After bonding, the brackets of the three groups were removed at 5 minutes and 15 minutes, respectively. There were 15 teeth at each time point. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index were measured and scored as 1-5 points (higher scores indicated higher bonding strength between the adhesives and the teeth, whereas lower scores indicated higher bonding strength between the adhesives and the brackets). RESULTS: After the bracket removal, the shear bond strength of light-cured RMGIC adhesive group was the lowest. No significant difference was found in the shear bond strengths between Jingjin enamel adhesive group and self-etching adhesive group. The remnant adhesives equally distributed on the teeth surface and bracket surface in Jingjin enamel adhesive group and self-etching adhesive group, while mainly distributed on the bracket surface in light-cured RMGIC adhesive group. The adhesive remnant index scores showed statistically significant differences among three groups (P

ABSTRACT:Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria with a unique biphasic developmental cycle ,and have close rela‐tionships with human .Emerging Chlamydia species such as Chlamydia ibidis ,Chlamydia avium and Chlamydia gallinacea changed the chlamydial taxonomy .The biggest change is the abandon of genus Chlamydophilaand its previous six species were recombined into genus Chlamydia ,which in together with the emerging species ,expands genus Chlamydia to 12 species .This paper briefly reviewed the latest taxonomy of Chlamydiae and their identification methods ,which include the classical biological characteristics and physico‐chemical properties ,modern molecular genetics ,and the newly developed whole genome analysis . Presently ,molecular genetics methods ,including sequence analysis of 16S rRNA ,ompA and other Chlamydia‐specific genes , are commonly used for chlamydial identification .

The hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) results can reflect the average level of blood glucose over the past 2-3 months,its clinical application value is transforming from evaluation indicator to diagnosis indicator.The application of HbA1c as a diagnostic indicator of diabetes is limited by many factors,such as multi-factor influence on measurement and its late start on standardization process in our country,optimal cut-point and the defect of HbA1c existing in the molecular level,etc.Therefore,clarifying the limitations of HbA1c in the practical application is of great significance for its clinical application.

BACKGROUND:Typical anterior cervical decompression and fusion method has many disadvantages.Cervical fusion cage has obtained satisfactory outcomes,but many problems should be solved.OBJECTIVE:To design a type of PDLLA Cage and to investigate the immediate stability of different fusion methods in a goat cervical spine model following C_(3-4) fusion.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:Randomized controlled study was performed at the Laboratory of Biomechanics,Sichuan University from June 2005 to January 2006.MATERIALS:C_(3-4) segment was obtained from a total of 15 adult female 2-year goat corpses.Additional C_(3-4) from 27 adult female 2-year goats was used in biomechanics test.Samples were supplied by the Animal Experimental Center,West China Clinical Medical College,Sichuan University to use in measurement of anatomy parameter and biomechanica test.METHODS:C_(3-4) segment obtained from goat corpse was subjected to X-ray test in an anterior lateral position.In accordance with C_(3-4) mean vertebral height,the angle of C_3 vertebral inferior border and anterior border,the anterior and posterior distance of C_3 vertebral inferior border,as well as the distance of anterior and posterior borders of the middle vertebral body,a type of PDLLA Cage was designed and made,and the biomechanical behavior analysis about the materials was performed.The 27 goat samples were not destroyed following biomechanics test (normal control group),and were assigned to 3 groups,PDLLA Cage group (n=9),titanium alloy Cage group (n=9) and autologous iliac bone group (n=9).Anterior longitudinal ligament was incised at FSU intervertebral space.Following excising the nucleus pulposus,adherent muscle was removed and the whole ligament was remained,as well as the bony terminal plate and cartilage subchondral bone were reserved.PDLLA Cage and titanium alloy Cage were respectively implanted in the cavity of the Cage main body in the PDLLA Cage group and titanium alloy Cage group.The Cage was fixed in the vertebral body using two fixing plates of anterior alar plate with 3.5-mm screw.Autologous cortical iliac bone from three surfaces was implanted in the autologous iliac bone group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Biomechanics was tested in flexion,extension,axial rotation,and lateral bending using 1,2,3,4 N·m moment of force method.The mean stiffness values and the range of motion were calculated in each group. RESULTS:In every loading mode,the displacement values were statistically significant difference between cage groups (PDLLA Cage group and titanium Cage group) compared with the normal control group (P<0.05);and the displacement of cage groups were lower than that of the autologous tricortical iliac crest bone graft group except for 4 N·m bending loading mode (P<0.05).Posterior extension was significant better in the PDLLA Cage group and titanium alloy Cage group compared with the autologous iliac bone group.Compared with the normal control group,the displacement of posterior extension and lateral bending was lower in the autologous iliac bone group (P<0.05).The stiffness of PDLLA Cage and the titanium Cage group in the flexion loading had no significant difference (P>0.05).In the others loading condition,the titanium Cage group was statistically greatest in all directions (P<0.05).The stiffness of PDLLA Cage was comparable with that of the titanium Cage and was statistically higher than that of the autologous tricortical iliac crest bone graft and intact (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:This type of PDLLA Cage can provide enough primary stability for cervical intervertebral fusion.

Objective To investigate the effects of pramipexole on serum cystatin C, antioxidant indexes and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease.Methods Retrospective a total of 96 patients with Parkinson’s disease were collected and randomly divided into experimental group and control group with 48 cases in each group.Patients in the control group were treated by levodopa,patients in the experimental group were treated on the basis of the control group with pramipexole, movement and non-movement symptoms were assessed by unified Parkinson’ s disease rating scale ( UPDRS), the serum cystatin C, antioxidant indexes and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels were measured, and the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were compared.Results The effective rate of the control group (68.75%) was lower than the experimental group (87.50%), with statistical significance (P<0.05); compared with the control group, the movement and non-movement symptoms of the experimental group reduced after treatment, after treatment the serum CRP, serum cystatin C decreased, serum BDNF increased, after treatment the glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidate (GPX) levels increased, with statistical significance (P<0.05).Conclusion Pramipexole in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease could reduce serum cystatin C, improve the levels of BDNF and antioxidant capacity, the effect is remarkable.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture treatment for tinnitus by point selection under the theory of “kidney and Sanjiao communication”. Method Fifty-three tinnitus patients were randomly allocated to two groups. The treatment group of 26 patients received acupuncture and the control group of 27 patients, medication. The course of treatment was four weeks. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) score were recorded in the two groups before and after treatment. The improving effects on tinnitus symptoms were compared between the two groups. Result After two weeks of treatment, there was a statistically significant difference in the THI score (P<0.05) but no significant difference in the VAS score (P>0.05) between the treatment and control groups. After four weeks of treatment, both the VAS and THI scores were lower in the treatment group than in the control groups (P<0.05). After four weeks of treatment, the total efficacy rate was 92.3% in the treatment group and 81.5% in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion The theory of “kidney and Sanjiao communication” can well guide clinical acupuncture treatment of tinnitus and improve the symptoms of tinnitus and the quality of life in the patients. Its therapeutic effect is superior to that of medication.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of the contents of geniposide and liquiritin in Xinshenning tablets. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Inertsil ODS-3 with mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (gradient elution) at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,the column temperature was 25 ℃,detection wavelength was 238 nm and the vol-ume was 10 μl. RESULTS:The mass concentration range was 16.3-407.9 μg/ml for geniposide(r=0.999 9) and 7.4-185.9 μg/ml for liquiritin(r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were no more than 1.63%;average recoveries were 99.05%(RSD=1.28%,n=9)and 98.00%(RSD=1.84%,n=9),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The established method is accu-rate,sensitive and simple,and can be used for the contents determination of geniposide and liquiritin in Xinshenning tablets.

Objective To determine the serum levels of B cell activating factor-receptor(BAFF-R)in patients with primary Sj(o)gren's syndrome(pSS)and investigate the role of BAFF-R in the pathogenesis of pSS.Methods The serum concentration of BAFF-R was measured by ELISA in 120 patients with pSS and 62 age-and sex-matched normal controls.Results The median level of serum BAFF-R was(692.7 ± 536.9)ng/L in pSS and (279.7 ± 186.9)ng/L in healthy controls.The serum level of BAFF-R in the pSS was significantly higher than normal controls(P ＜0.01).Higher level of BAFF-R was associated with higher level of IgG(r =0.429,P ＜0.01).Serum level of BAFF-R had no correlation with IgA,IgM,C3,C4,RF,ESR and CRP.BAFF-R level was markedly increased in patients with positive ANA,anti-SSA,anti-SSB antibody compared with those with negative antibody.Conclusion The serum BAFF-R level was significantly elevated and correlated with the level of immunoglobulin and autoantibodies.BAFF-R play certain role in the pathogenesis of pSS.

Objective To investigate the effects of different blood pH of the recipients on ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury to the transplanted lungs in rats. Methods Sixty-four pure bred male SD rats weighing 250-350 g were randomly divided into equal numbers of donors and recipients and the recipient rats were randomly divided into 4 groups(n = 8 each). Both donor and recipient rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (IP)ketamine 15 mg/kg and diazepam 6 mg/kg, tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated. In donor rats heparin 1 ml was injected via inferior vena cava and 4 ℃ LDP solution 40 ml was injected via pulmonary artery . The left lung was then removed and placed in 4℃ LDP solution and kept for 4 h. The left lung transplantation was performed using two-cuff-one-stent anastomosis technique. Before the transplanted lung was reperfused, the recipients' blood pH was adjusted to 7.4 (group Ⅰ), 7.2 (group Ⅱ), 7.3 (group Ⅲ) and 7.5 (group Ⅳ) by HCI and NaHCO3 solutions infused via femoral vein. After 2 h reperfusion, the transplants were removed for microscopic examination and determination of W/D lung weight ratio, MPO and SOD activities and MDA, TNF-α and IL-8 contents. Results SOD activity was significantly higher while MPO activity, and MDA, TNF-α and IL-8 contents in the lung tissue were significantly lower in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅰ . There was no significant difference in SOD and MPO activities and MDA, TNF-α, and IL-8 contents in the lung tissue among group Ⅰ , Ⅱ and Ⅳ. There was no significant difference in W/D lung weight ratio among the 4 groups. Microscopic examination showed that the histological damage was attenuated in group Ⅲ compared with the other 3 groups. Conclusion The I/R injury to the transplanted rat lungs can be effectively alleviated by reducing blood pH of the recipients to 7.3.

AIM: To investigate the effect of activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway on the transdifferentiation induced by high concentration of glucose in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells(HKCs).METHODS: Cultured HKCs cells were divided into four groups: low glucose group(LG),high glucose group(HG),high mannitol group(LG+M),and HG+AG490 group(AG).Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting analysis were used to determine the expression of tryosine phosphorylated Janus kinase 2(p-JAK2).The protein expressions of STAT1,STAT3,p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 and expressions of ?-SMA,E-cadherin were observed by Western blotting.The contents of TGF-?1 and type I collagen in the supernatants of the cultured HKCs were detected by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay(ELISA).TGF-?1 mRNA were measured by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).RESULTS: Compared with low glucose control group,the expression of JAK2,p-STAT1,p-STAT3 and TGF-?1 mRNA was significantly increased in HG group at different stimulated time from 6 h to 72 h.Meanwhile,the contents of TGF-?1 and collagen I in the supernatants and the expression of ?-SMA were increased,the expression of E-cadherin were decreased.The expression of JAK2,p-STAT1,p-STAT3 and TGF-?1 mRNA and the levels of TGF-?1,collagen I in the supernatants in HG+AG490 group were obviously lower than those in HG group.The expressions of ?-SMA and E-cadherin were also decreased in HG+AG490 group.CONCLUSION: Activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway may be involved in the high glucose-induced transdifferentiation and overproduction of TGF?1 and ECM proteins in HKCs.