BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This research was conducted to develop a construct model regarding the dietary style, late night snacking choice attributes and health promotion behaviors of industrial workers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The surveys were collected during the period between January and February 2013. A statistical analysis of 888 industrial workers was conducted using SPSS 12.0 for Windows and SEM (Structural Equation Model) using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) 5.0 statistics package. RESULTS: The results of the correlations between all variables showed significant positive correlations (P < 0.05). Results of factors analysis on dietary styles were categorized into five factors and health promotion behaviors were categorized into four. The reliability of these findings was supported by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.6 and higher for all other factors. After obtaining the factors from processing an exploratory factor analysis and the end results supported the validity. In an attempt to study the late night snacking choice attributes in accordance to dietary styles and the health promotion behaviors of industrial workers, a structural equation model was constructed and analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: All tests proved the model satisfied the recommended levels of the goodness on fit index, and thus, the overall research model was proved to be appropriate.
Health Promotion* ; Snacks*

Sleep has played a very important role in maintaining our health with good living quality therefore the aim of this study is to determine the pattern of sleep duration, especially short sleep and its associated factors among workers in a tertiary institution. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January until May 2012 among 128 randomly selected Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) staffs. Data was collected using a guided standardized data sheet which consist of three sections; (1):sociodemographic &socioeconomic, (2): lifestyle and, (3): anthropometric measurement and sleep diary. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Majority of the staffs had normal sleep duration (67.2%) followed by short sleep duration (26.6%) and long sleep duration (6.3%). Simple logistic regression analysis indicated that late night snacking was significantly related to short sleep (cOR=3.47, 95% CI: 1.12, 12.23, p=0.048). Adequate sleep is important to maintain one’s health. Steps can be taken to limit late night snacking in order to improve the sleep pattern in this study population.​
Sleep ; Snacks ; Feeding Behavior ; manpower

This study was conducted for researching demand on dietary education of low-level elementary school students and to develop an activity based textbook and a teaching manual on the subject. For necessity of dietary education, 88.8% of subjects answered dietary education is needed. The desirable frequency of the education was once a week (65.7%). The most appropriate time for the education was "school lunch" (37.5%), "special activity" (29.9%), "regular class" (12.4%) and "after school activity" (12.1%). The most preferred educational method was "experiment and practice" (40.1%). The desirable educational materials were "computer materials" (20.7%), "actual objects" (20.1%), "videotapes" (16.5%), "photographs-pictures" (12.2%) and "fairy tales-cartoons" (12.2%). The students wanted dietary information as "cooking" (26.1%), "growth and nutrition" (23.7%) and "right food information" (20.1%). The textbook was composed of five major chapters, which were "Traditional Dietary Culture", "Food", "Dietary Habit", "Hygiene and Environment" and "Cooking". Each major chapter had five to six smaller chapters, adding up to total of 32 chapters. The textbook had fun characters, illustrations, photographs and cartoons to deliver the main theme of each chapter. The textbook was in activity format so that it coul be readily and directly used in actual classes. The teaching manual was composed of background, goals, teaching plans and teaching points. The smaller chapters had learning goals, teaching-learning resources, important points, teaching-learning processes and reference materials. Videos were produced to help cook five snacks in the cooking chapter. Also, "Healthy Song" was created to be used in classrooms. This textbook will be helpful in children's right dietary habits and growth.
Cooking ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Learning ; Snacks

This study was conducted to examine the interrelations among snack preference, purchasing behavior and intake of fifth and sixth grade students in elementary schools in Gyeongnam province. Frequency of snack intake was the highest in those who reported 'once a day' (45.6%) snack habit. Longer-time television viewers also showed higher frequency of snack intake than shorter-time viewers. Thirty-three percent of students purchased snacks by themselves and the frequency of snack purchasing had a significant positive relationship with TV watching time (p < 0.01). The main reason, place and time of eating snacks were 'hunger' (79.2%), their home environment (50.9%) and 'after school hours' (89.7%). The favorite snack was 'ice cream' and, this snack habit was significantly different by gender of the child (p < 0.01) and TV watching time (p < 0.01). 'Milk and dairy products' scored highest (3.47) in snack intake frequency among longer-time TV viewers (> 2hr) compared to shorter-time TV viewers and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The snack preference score was correlated positively (r = 0.454) with the intake frequency for snack and its explanation power (R2) was 20.5%. With regard to snack purchase behaviors, the scores of 'checking the expiration date' and 'comparing the price with similar products' were high (in what group?). Female students (p < 0.001) and shorter-time TV viewers (< 2hr) (p < 0.01) had a more reasonable purchasing behavior. The total score of preference was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shorter-timeTV viewers (< 2hr). In the correlation between snack purchasing behaviors and intake frequency, attractiveness (r = 0.208, p < 0.001) and preference (r = 0.330, p < 0.001) showed significant positive correlations. The result of regression analysis, preference only was selected (R2= 0.108).
Child ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Snacks* ; Television

PURPOSE: This study was conducted for analysis of menu pattern and food diversity of snack menus of child care centers in order to provide preliminary data for establishment of related guidelines for snack menus for child care centers. METHODS: Data from 630 snack menus (350 for morning snacks and 280 for afternoon snacks) of March, 2013 from 14 Child Care Information Centers in Seoul provided for child care centers were analyzed. In addition, the menu pattern and food diversity of morning snack menus were compared with those of afternoon snack menus. RESULTS: Differences in menu pattern and food diversity were observed between morning and afternoon snack menus. The majority of snack menus (66.8%) included two menu items and the numbers of menu items of afternoon snack menus were significantly larger than those of morning snack menus. The percentages of "Grains (G)" and "Grains (G) + Milk (D)" patterns were higher in snack menu (G: 18.9%, G+D: 17.1%). Approximately one third of snack menus were composed of only one food group. In addition, 45.6 % of all snack menus comprised milk and only 23.0% included fruits. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated the need for improvement in food composition and diversity of snack menus provided by Child Care Information Centers for child care centers. Therefore, to ensure children's intake of nutritionally balanced snacks, it will be necessary to establish more detailed guidelines for the menu pattern and food composition in snack menus for child care centers.
Child ; Child Care* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Information Centers* ; Milk ; Seoul ; Snacks*

This study was designed to compare the dietary habits of women's university students according to residence type. The subjects were 140 females divided into four groups. The first group consisted of students residing at home with their parents (home, n=39), the second group consisted of students residing in a dormitory (dormitory, n=34), the third group consisted of students residing in a boarding house (boarding, n=36), and the fourth group consisted of self-boarding students (self-boarding, n=31). The average age was 21.9 years, and the BMI levels of the groups were 20.8 kg/m2, 19.6 kg/m2, 20.5 kg/m2, and 19.7 kg/m2, respectively. The 'home' group had higher dietary regularity than the other groups (P<0.05). The boarding group and self-boarding group were more likely to eat out and skip breakfast than the home and dormitory groups (P<0.05). All groups indicated that frequency of snacking was higher than 1 time per day, but there was no significant difference between the groups. The dormitory and boarding groups spent less time consuming meals than the other groups. In conclusion, women's university students show different dietary behaviors according to residence type. Especially, the dormitory, boarding, and self-boarding groups need to improve their dietary habits through high quality education and nutritional support at college cafeterias.
Breakfast ; Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Meals ; Nutritional Support ; Parents ; Snacks

This study examined the effects of a nutrition education program on nutrition-related knowledge, eating habits, and dietary behavior. Subjects were 3rd grade elementary school students in Anyang, Gyeonggi-do. A 5-week nutrition education program was implemented to 28 children and another 26 children were included in the study as a control group. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the effects of nutrition education program. Mean nutrition related knowledge score was improved after education (p < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in knowledge of nutrient source (p < 0.05), role of protein (p < 0.05), food tower (p < 0.001), getting information from nutrition labeling (p < 0.05), and proper way of snacking (p < 0.001). Eating habits and self-efficacy also tended to improve by nutrition education, especially eating habit of snack and self-efficacy on balanced diet reached significant improvement (p < 0.05). Food consumption frequency was not changed significantly, only consumption of sea weeds which is considered as a reluctant food among children was increased after education (p < 0.05). In addition, the number of leftover food items and total amount of leftover at school lunch reduced significantly after education when compared with the same 10-day menu prior to education (p < 0.01). This result suggests that unbalanced dietary behavior has been changed with the nutrition education program. In conclusion, the nutrition education program was found to be effective in improving nutrition-related knowledge, eating habits, and dietary behavior.
Child ; Diet ; Eating ; Food Labeling ; Humans ; Lunch ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Snacks

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine whether plasma lipid profiles are affected differently by snack kinds with equal calorific values. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We compared a Korean traditional confectionery (dasik) with Western confectionery (cookie) in this regard. Controlled cross-over study consisted of two 3-week snack intake phases and for separating, a 2-week washout period (3–2–3) was carried out with 30 healthy women aged between 40-59 years old. Brown rice based Korean traditional confectionery and wheat flour based Western confectionery were used. The participants consumed either dasik or cookie every day for 3 weeks, providing 93 kcal a day. RESULTS: The total cholesterol (TC) in the dasik group had decreased significantly after 3 weeks (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the dasik group, reduction in TC and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were greater than those in the cookie group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prioritizing functional snacks like dasik improves plasma lipid profiles; this may be useful information for individuals who cannot refrain from snacking.
Cholesterol ; Cross-Over Studies* ; Female ; Flour ; Humans ; Plasma* ; Snacks ; Triticum

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial factors influencing dairy product consumption of female university students in Daejeon. The Theory of Planned Behavior provided the basis for this study. As a result of the pilot-study, 18 behavioral beliefs, 8 normative beliefs, and 12 control beliefs were identified. The subjects (n = 236) were grouped into a high-consumption group (1 serving / day, n = 117) and a low consumption group (< 1 serving / day, n = 119). The data were analyzed using t-tests or chi-square-tests. Among the general characteristics, there were significant differences in the amount of pocket money spent per month, residence type (p < 0.01), weight, frequency of exercise and perceived health status (p < 0.05) of the subjects. With respect to the 18 behavioral beliefs, the high consumption group responded less negatively on 'eating dairy foods would not be convenient' than the low consumption group (p < 0.05). None of the subjective normative items were significantly different between the two groups. However, notable differences were found in regard to the control beliefs (8 out of 12 control beliefs). These included overall control over consuming dairy products (p < 0.001), as well as specific beliefs regarding barriers such as easy spoilage of dairy products, the cost, eating them for snacks and dislike for them (p < 0.05). In addition, specific situations, such as 'when I want them I get them' (p < 0.01), eating out and the availability of dairy foods at home (p < 0.05) were significantly different between the two groups. The high consumption group showed more control over these barriers or situations. These results suggest that nutritional education for young female adults should incorporate strategies to increase their perceived control over the consumption of dairy products by removing barriers and including environmental approaches which address the availability issues.
Adult ; Dairy Products* ; Eating ; Education ; Female* ; Humans ; Psychology* ; Snacks

This research has been surveyed on street food and snack intake status of elementary school students in the Jeon Buk region and the recognition of mothers has been observed for the objective of providing base materials for appropriate eating habits and nutritional education. As for status on intake of street food, most students (97.3%) have shown to have eaten from the street vendors while mothers assume low frequency in their child's intake of street food. Favorite street food choices had an agreement between mother and student as ddukbokki and dakkochi. Students were more tolerant in sanitation and necessity of street food than the mothers. This research shows that there is a difference in the recognition of street food between the students and their mothers. There a need required for improvement in the system as to provide quality food and to prevent poor quality food being exposed to the students. Furthermore, practical and appropriate education must be conducted at home and at school for better choices of food and a better lifestyle.
Commerce ; Eating ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mothers ; Sanitation ; Snacks