Sleep

Introduction: Sleep health is essential to overall physical, mental and neurobehavioral well-being. Poor sleep quality has been linked to numerous health conditions, impaired school and work performance and increased risk for accidents. Hence, evaluation of a person's sleep health is vital to any medical examination. Questionnaires such as Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) have an important role in the preliminary evaluation of sleep health. PSQI has been regarded as the standard instrument to measure sleep quality. It has been translated into several languages and has been validated in various populations. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Filipino version of the PSQI.

Methods: The Filipino version of the PSQI was administered to 200 adult subjects. After 24-48 hours, the English version of the PSQI was administered to the same respondents. Basic demographic information, co-morbidities and use of medications were obtained. Cronbach's alpha and Kappa test of agreement were measured to test the reliability of the Filipino version while confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the validity of the translated tool.

Results: The Filipino version of the PSQI was reliable with Cronbach's alpha of 0.70. The agreement coefficient of all items in the questionnaire were all above 0.81 indicating a very good level of agreement between the English and Filipino versions. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that items Q1, Q3, Q4, Q5a-Q5i, Q6, Q7, Q8 and Q9 were significant with p-values below 0.05. Overall, as measured by the Goodness of fit, it showed that the items in the Filipino version of the questionnaire are directly correlated with English PSQI Score.

Conclusion: The Filipino version of the PSQI is a valid and reliable instrument to assess sleep quality.

Sleep quality can vary in relation to one’s general well-being and in the elderly, it is often affected by the presence of medical or psychological conditions. This study aims to determine the frequency of different components of sleep quality in the elderly, and their relationships with psychosocial and medical attributes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 123 attendees aged 60 years and above at Pusat Perubatan Primer Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Sleep quality and psychological distress were assessed using the validated Malay versions of Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Hamilton anxiety depression scale (HADS) respectively. Information on medical comorbidities and medications were obtained from the participants, their doctors and medical notes. Almost half of the patients experienced poor sleep quality (47.2%) which was significantly associated with older mean age (69.5 ±4.55). There was no statistical significance between sleep quality and other sociodemographic characteristics (gender, ethnicity and living arrangement). Most patients described their sleep quality as subjectively generally “fairly good” (69.1%) despite PSQI scores indicating poor sleep quality. A majority of the patients (59.3%) were on follow-up for 3 or more medical illnesses, with heart disease as the only medical comorbidity significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Most of them also complained of only “mild difficulty” with their sleep. Among the 7 sleep components of PSQI, “sleep disturbance” was the most frequent experience. Most experienced mild sleep disturbance (87.8%) and usage of hypnotic agents was low (6.5%). Only 23.6% of patients had significant psychological distress (HADS scores ≥ 8), with positive correlation with sleep quality.
Sleep ; Polysomnography

Sleep deprivation may cause accidents, and it has deteriorating effects on health. A measurement of postural steadiness by a portable and affordable Nintendo Wii Fit balance board can be used to quantify a person's alertness. At work, people are under the influence of their environment—often other people—that may affect their alertness. This work investigates whether sleep deprivation among people is “contagious,” as quantified by sway measures. We measured 21 volunteers' postural steadiness while alert and sleep deprived. During the measurements, a screen placed in front of the participants showed a footage of either alert or sleep-deprived faces. We found a significant difference between the day time and night time steadiness, but found no effect resulting from watching footage of sleep-deprived people. This finding shows that a posturographic sleepiness tester quantifies physiological sleep deprivation, and is insensitive to the influence of social factors.
Sleep Deprivation

Objective: The study aimed to determine whether prolonged gadget use will have an effect in the child's sleep quality. The study also aimed to ascertain if there is a significant relationship between the parameters of CSHQ and the average length of sleep, average length of gadget use, and frequency of gadget use. Design: Descriptive research design was used, particularly the survey method. Simple random sampling was used. Setting: Private school in Lucena City, Quezon Province. Participants: Parents of Grades 4-6 students in a private schools in Lucena City. Sample size was computed at n=131. Results: 53.4% of the respondents were males, 29.8% of which are 11 year-old, grade 6 students (35.9%). The average length of sleep of most children was at 6-8 hours (57.3%), with an average length of gadget use at 5-10 hours daily (58%), 5-7x a week (61.8%). Weighted means computation showed that parents agreed to the positive statements of the CSHQ but key problems based on the CSHQ statements were identified upon further analysis. Conclusions With an a = 0.05, significant relationships were established between the parameters of the CSHQ and the average length of gadget use (p = 0.012615 < 0.05), as well as the frequency of gadget use (p = 0.000116 < 0.05). Generalization should be made with caution due to the small sample size and non-diversity of the samples. Recommendations are due to improved generalizability by increasing sample size and diversity of the samples.
Sleep Quality

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the quality of sleep among 12-hour shift-work nurses at the Baguio General Hospital using the Pittsburg Sleep . Quality Index (PSQI) Methods: This was a preliminary cross-sectional study with a primary endpoint of assessing the sleep quality of the participants using the PSQI. The association of sleep quality with individual and work factors was also determined. Design:Cross - Sectional . Setting:Tertiary Government Training Hospital. Patient:154 12-hour shiftwork nurses. Results: The majority (88.96%) of the participants self-reported having poor sleep quality. Among the components of the PSQI, current shift was significantly associated with habitual sleep efficiency (Fisher exact test p < .049). No significant associations were found between demographic characteristics and PSQI Global score, with most respondents having poor sleep quality regardless of participant characteristics. Conclusion Majority of nurses working in 12-hour shifts had poor sleep quality. Night shift nurses had higher habitual sleep efficiency scores compared to day shift nurses indicating that those working in the night shift had poorer habitual sleep efficiency.
Human ; Sleep

Insomnia is a subjective experience of difficulty in falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep accompanied by the impairment of daytime social functioning due to insufficient sleep quality or quantity to meet normal physiological needs.It has chronic damage to all the human body systems and is the most common sleep disorder.The main mechanism for the occurrence and maintenance of insomnia is the hyperarousal hypothesis,and microarousal,as a cortical arousal,is also involved in the formation of the hyperarousal mechanism.The mechanism and clinical significance of microarousal were reviewed and summarized in this paper in order to guide the clinical work.
Arousal ; Humans ; Sleep ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sleep Quality

Sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) is a sleep disease with high incidence and many complications. However, patients are often unaware of their sickness. Therefore, SRBD harms health seriously. At present, home SRBD monitoring equipment is a popular research topic to help people get aware of their health conditions. This article fully compares recent state-of-art research results about home SRBD monitors to clarify the advantages and limitations of various sensing techniques. Furthermore, the direction of future research and commercialization is pointed out. According to the system design, novel home SRBD monitors can be divided into two types: wearable and unconstrained. The two types of monitors have their own advantages and disadvantages. The wearable devices are simple and portable, but they are not comfortable and durable enough. Meanwhile, the unconstrained devices are more unobtrusive and comfortable, but the supporting algorithms are complex to develop. At present, researches are mainly focused on system design and performance evaluation, while high performance algorithm and large-scale clinical trial need further research. This article can help researchers understand state-of-art research progresses on SRBD monitoring quickly and comprehensively and inspire their research and innovation ideas. Additionally, this article also summarizes the existing commercial sleep respiratory monitors, so as to promote the commercialization of novel home SRBD monitors that are still under research.
Humans ; Polysomnography ; Sleep ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/diagnosis* ; Sleep Wake Disorders

Humans ; Sleep, REM ; Memory ; Sleep ; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

INTRODUCTION: Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is used as a way of studying nonlinearity of EEG. In this study, DFA is applied on sleep EEG of normal subjects to look into its nonlinearity in terms of EEG channels and sleep stages. METHOD: Twelve healthy young subjects (age: 23.8+/-2.5 years old, male:female=7:5) have undergone nocturnal polysomnography (nPSG). EEG from nPSG was classified in terms of its channels and sleep stages and was analyzed by DFA. Scaling exponents (SEs) yielded by DFA were compared using linear mixed model analysis. RESULTS: Scaling exponents (SEs) of sleep EEG were distributed around 1 showing long term temporal correlation and self-similarity. SE of C3 channel was bigger than that of O1 channel. As sleep stage progressed from stage 1 to slow wave sleep, SE increased accordingly. SE of stage REM sleep did not show significant difference when compared with that of stage 1 sleep. CONCLUSION: SEs of Normal sleep EEG showed nonlinear characteristic with scale-free fluctuation, long-range temporal correlation, self-similarity and self-organized criticality. SE from DFA differentiated sleep stages and EEG channels. It can be a useful tool in the research with sleep EEG.
Electroencephalography* ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Stages ; Sleep, REM