Objective To observe the implementation of national food safety standard for “Iodine Concentration in Edible Salt”(GB 26878-2011) and its effectiveness on iodine nutritional status of key populations. Methods Information of iodine concentration in edible iodized salt of various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, including Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) was collected using Baidu Searching Engine through the establishment of key words. Sal t samples were collected in Tianjin City and Aksu Region of Xinjiang , and the salt iodine concentration in both places was 30 mg/kg. In Tianjin, Hongqiao, Tanggu and Hangu, Beichen were selected as representatives of the downtown areas, the coastal areas and the suburbs, respectively and counties of Baodi and Ji were iodine deficiency areas in history. Sampling work was carried out from August 2012 to March 2013 in Tianjin. In Aksu, Yatuoer Township and Charqi Town in Baicheng County, Aotebeixi and Aketuohai Townships in Wushen County were chosen as iodine deficiency areas, and the survey was carried out from January to September 2013 . Random urine samples of school-age children ( 8 - 10 years old ) , pregnant women and lactating women were collected; urinary iodine was measured following the Method for Determination of Iodine in Urine by As3+-Ce4+ Catalytic Spectrophotometry(WS/T 107-2006) and iodine in edible iodized salt was measured following the General Test Method in Salt Industry Determination of Iodideion ( GB/T 13025 . 7-1999 ) . Results Fourteen of the provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities, including the Corps of Xinjiang) chose 25 mg/kg as their iodine concentration in edible iodized salt and 13 provinces chose 30 mg/kg. Besides, there were another 5 provinces providing 30 mg/kg particularly for pregnant women and lactating women while 25 mg/kg for other populations. In Tianjin, the medians of iodine concentration in edible iodized salt were ranged from 24.4 - 32.1 mg/kg in retail stores and 26.4 mg/kg at households. The household coverage rate of iodized salt and the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt were 78.5%(168/214) and 62.6%(134/214), respectively. The median ranges of urinary iodine were 178.2 - 183.9 μg/L in school children, 124.3 - 130.9 μg/L in pregnant women and 72.7 - 109.5 μg/L in lactating women. In Aksu, the medians of iodine concentration in edible iodized salt were 27.1 and 26.5 mg/kg in retail stores and households, respectively. The household coverage rate of iodized salt and the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt were 100.0% (363/363) and 98.9%(359/363), respectively. The median ranges of urinary iodine were 174.8 - 293.0, 154.9 - 230.0 and 135.8 - 239.3 μg/L among school children, pregnant women and lactating women, respectively. The median of iodine concentration in a special edible iodized salt sample reached 49.1 mg/kg, and qualified rate was 0(0/11) in Aksu. Conclusions All provinces , municipalities and autonomous regions ( including the Corps of Xingjiang ) in China have adjusted the iodine content in edible iodized salt in accordance with GB 26878-2011. However, in Tianjin the household iodine concentration in edible salt is lower than the local standards; the household coverage rate of iodized salt and the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt are lower than the national standards; pregnant women and lactating women are at risk of mild iodine deficiency.

Objective To explore the value of multiple non-gaussian distribution models DWI in evaluating hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) model in rats.Methods Forty-two SD rats were divided into 7 groups by random numeric table method.Each group had 6 rats.The 7 groups were 6 h,12 h,1 d,3 d,7 d,14 d group after HIRI and control group,respectively.The experimental groups underwent right hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery ligation,and received reperfusion 3 h after operation.MRI scanning (T1WI,T2WI,single b-values DWI and 15 b-values DWI) was performed at 6 h,12 h,1 d,3 d,7 d and 14 d after reperfusion.The control group underwent sham operation and MRI scanning.According to monoexponential model,biexponential model,threxponential model,stretched-exponential model DWI and diffusion kurtosis imaging,many parametres were obtained and their dynamic changes at each time point were observed.The parameters included standard apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCs),pure diffusion coefficients (D),pseudodiffusion coefficients (D*),perfusion fraction (f),ultra-high apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCu),distributed diffusion coefficient (DDC),water diffusion heterogeneity index (or),mean diffusion coefficient (MD) and mean diffusion kurtosis (MK).One way ANOVA was used to compare the differences of parameters among different groups.Results MRI examination and pathological examination were successfully completed in all rats.The right hepatic lobe in the experimental groups appeared hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI relative to control group from 6 h after operation.The infarcted liver lobe in the experimental groups became significantly smaller at 1 week after HIRI and almost disappeared at 2 weeks after HIRI.The findings of DWI at different b-values were consistent with those at T2WI.There were significant differences in parameters among 6 h,12 h,1 d,3 d,7 d,14 d groups after HIRI and control group (P＜0.05).There were significant differences among 12 h after HIRI,1 d after HIRI,3 d after HIRI and 6 h after HIRI,7 d after HIRI,14 d after HIRI,control group concerning ADCs values respectively (P＜0.05).There were significant differences among 6 h after HIRI,12 h after HIRI,1 d after HIRI,3 d after HIRI,7 d after HIRI and 14 d after HIRI,control group concerning D,D*,f,ADCu,α,DDC,MK values respectively (P＜0.05).In addition,there were significant differences among 1 d after HIRI,3 d after HIRI and 6 h after HIRI,12 h after HIRI,7 d after HIRI and 14 d after HIRI,control group concerning D values respectively (P＜0.05).There were significant differences among 6 h after HIRI,12 h after HIRI,1 d after HIRI,3 d after HIRI and 7 d after HIRI,14 d after HIRI,control group concerning f values respectively (P＜0.05).There were significant differences among 12 h after HIRI and 14 d after HIRI,control group concerning MD values respectively (P＜0.05).There were significant differences between 1 d after HIRI and 14 d after HIRI concerning MD values (P＜0.05).Conclusion Multiple non-gaussian distribution models DWI is superior to conventional DWI in evaluating HIRI model in rats.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS) in the detection of fetal aneuploidies.Methods Cell free DNA was sequenced in 5 566 pregnant women to identify the fetal aneuploidies in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 1st,2015 to March 15th,2016.Among them,5 230 (93.96％,5 230/5 566) were singleton pregnancies and 336 (6.04％,336/5 566) were twin pregnancies.In singleton pregnancies,1 809 (34.59％,1 809/5 230) were women with advanced maternal age,and 3 421 (65.41％,3 421/5 230) were young women.The positive results of NIPS were validated by karyotyping through invasive procedures and neonatal outcomes were followed up by telephone.Results Among the 5 566 women,69 (1.24％,69/5 566) got positive NIPS results,with 66 in singleton pregnancies and 3 in twin pregnancies.Two were monochorionic diamniotic twins and 1 was dichorionic twin pregnancy.The positive predictive value of NIPS for trisomy 21,18 and 13 were 100.0％,90.9％ and 100.0％,and was 55.6％ for sex chromosome aneuploidies.There was no false negative case found during the follow-up.In the advanced maternal age group and young women group,the prevalence rates of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies were 1.11％ (20/1 809) and 0.94％ (32/3 421),respectively.In the young women with soft markers in fetal ultrasound,the prevalence of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies was 1.44％ (7/487),and in serum high risk women,it was 0.94％ (7/747).In women with the serum screening risk with cut-off value,0.89％(9/1 016) had fetal aneuploidies,and the prevalence was 0.77％(9/1 171) in volunteers.There was no statistically significant difference among these groups (P=0.636).Conclusions There is no difference in the detection rate of fetal aneuploidies between high-risk women in serum screening and volunteers in NIPS.NIPS is more suitable as a first line screening test for women without fetal ultrasound abnormalities.It should be used carefully when there is ultrasound abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence and characteristics of chromosomal abnormalities in abortuses during early pregnancy with single nucleotide polymorphism microarray (SNP-array). METHODS: For 520 abortuses, copy number variations (CNVs) in chorionic villi were analyzed with SNP-array. RESULTS: In 510 (98.1%) of the samples, the analysis was successful. Among these, 57.6% (294/510) of the samples were found to harbor clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities. 38.8% of the samples (198/510) had a normal result. 2.4% (12/510) of the samples harbored benign CNVs, and 1.2% (6/510) harbored variants of uncertain significance (VOUS). Aneuploidies, polyploidies, pathogenic CNVs and uniparental disomies (UPD) had accounted for 75.2% (221/294), 13.9% (41/294), 8.2% (24/294), and 2.7% (8/294) of the samples, respectively. 45,XO was the most common finding, which was followed by trisomy 16 and trisomy 22. 69,XXY was the most common polyploidy. CONCLUSION Chromosomal abnormalities are the main cause for early miscarriage, among which aneuploidies are most common. The prevalence of aneuploidies is significantly increased among women over 35. SNP-array analysis has the advantage of high success rate, high resolution and great accuracy, but the clinical significance of microdeletions/microduplications found by SNP-array can be difficult for interpretation.
Chorionic Villi ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosome Disorders ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Female ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Pregnancy